{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:39:05Z","timestamp":1792183145632,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a wide gap between what research evidence identifies as effective reading intervention and what is currently offered in schools. This effectiveness study reports the results of a long-term research\/school system partnership that is implementing reading intervention for children with reading difficulties in Canadian community schools. In Study 1, growth-curve analyses revealed significant long-term shifts in the reading trajectories of children ( n = 731) from Kindergarten to Grade 5 as a function of receiving the Empower\u2122 Reading: Decoding and Spelling intervention. Long-term outcomes were higher in children who received intervention in Grade 2 than in Grade 3, supporting the benefit of earlier intervention. In Study 2, we compare reading outcomes before and after children participated in school system-led intervention (Empower\u2122 Reading, n = 341) to results from previously reported researcher-led intervention and business-as-usual controls. Children in both school system-led and researcher-led interventions showed greater improvement than controls on standardized measures of decoding and reading comprehension. Among school system participants, greater gains were seen for those with stronger reading skills at pre-test. Findings demonstrate successful school system implementation of research-originated and validated reading intervention. Researcher\/school system partnerships may be integral in closing the research\u2013practice gap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194231215016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T07:33:45Z","timestamp":1703662425000},"page":"350-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Empowering Schools to Implement Effective Research-Based Reading Remediation Delivers Long-Lasting Improvements to Children\u2019s Reading Trajectories"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3942-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin J.","family":"Panda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brock University, Catharines, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha","family":"Woehrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan C.","family":"Frijters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brock University, Catharines, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Moules","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Zolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edie","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen W.","family":"Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0034-6527.00321"},{"key":"bibr2-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828"},{"key":"bibr3-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2010.08.007"},{"key":"bibr4-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620915848"},{"key":"bibr5-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932510361265"},{"key":"bibr6-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.13.2.99"},{"key":"bibr7-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X032006003"},{"key":"bibr8-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0014402918772791"},{"key":"bibr9-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20175"},{"key":"bibr10-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2021.102062"},{"key":"bibr11-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Responsive reading instruction: Flexible intervention for struggling readers in the early grades","author":"Denton C. A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr12-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291007600402"},{"key":"bibr13-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032581"},{"key":"bibr14-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9165-0"},{"key":"bibr15-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Corrective reading","author":"Engelmann S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr16-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291307900206"},{"key":"bibr17-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention","author":"Fletcher J. M.","year":"2019","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr18-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00072.x"},{"key":"bibr19-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20172"},{"key":"bibr20-00222194231215016","unstructured":"Foorman B., Beyler N., Borradaile K., Coyne M., Denton C., Dimino J., Furgeson J., Hayes L., Henke J., Justice L., Keating B., Lewis W., Sattar S., Streke A., Wagner R., Wissel S. (2016).\n                      Foundational skills to support reading for understanding in kindergarten through 3rd grade\n                      (NCEE 2016-4008). National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education."},{"key":"bibr21-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20178"},{"key":"bibr22-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-012-9418-z"},{"key":"bibr23-00222194231215016","author":"Gersten R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Assisting students struggling with reading: Response to Intervention and multi-tier intervention for reading in the primary grades A practice guide. (NCEE 2009-4045). National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education"},{"key":"bibr24-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20174"},{"key":"bibr25-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003172170909000709"},{"key":"bibr26-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.477"},{"key":"bibr27-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291307900204"},{"key":"bibr28-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203852279"},{"key":"bibr29-00222194231215016","unstructured":"HWDSB. (2022). We all count: HWDSB student census. https:\/\/www.hwdsb.on.ca\/about\/equity\/we-all-count-hwdsb-student-census-2021\/"},{"key":"bibr30-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.4.437"},{"key":"bibr31-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2010.491151"},{"key":"bibr32-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.178"},{"key":"bibr33-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.171"},{"key":"bibr34-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290306900402"},{"key":"bibr35-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291307900205"},{"key":"bibr36-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20179"},{"key":"bibr37-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20177"},{"key":"bibr38-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Handbook of learning disabilities","author":"Lovett M. W.","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr39-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408317859"},{"key":"bibr40-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000639"},{"key":"bibr41-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000181"},{"key":"bibr42-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300507"},{"key":"bibr43-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.2.263"},{"key":"bibr44-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2007.10.005"},{"key":"bibr45-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410371678"},{"key":"bibr46-00222194231215016","first-page":"21","volume":"40","author":"Lovett M. W.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perspectives on Language and Literacy"},{"key":"bibr47-00222194231215016","first-page":"216","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Revisiting etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and policy","author":"Lovett M. W.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr48-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534508410363127"},{"key":"bibr49-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409355472"},{"key":"bibr50-00222194231215016","unstructured":"National Centre for Educational Statistics. (2019). The nation\u2019s report card [Data tools: NAEP data explorer]. National Assessment of Educational Progress. https:\/\/www.nationsreportcard.gov\/ndecore\/xplore\/NDE"},{"key":"bibr51-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Teaching students to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups","author":"National Reading Panel","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr52-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191105277006"},{"key":"bibr53-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10573569.2013.857970"},{"key":"bibr54-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31094\/2020\/2"},{"key":"bibr55-00222194231215016","unstructured":"Pearson Education. (2011). DRA2 K-8 technical manual: Developmental reading assessment (2nd ed.)."},{"key":"bibr56-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.4.331"},{"key":"bibr57-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413504995"},{"key":"bibr58-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Language at the speed of sight: How we read, why so many can\u2019t, and what can be done about it","author":"Seidenberg M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr59-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1351"},{"key":"bibr60-00222194231215016","unstructured":"SickKids. (2022). Empower\u2122 reading and learning group. https:\/\/www.sickkids.ca\/en\/learning\/empower-reading\/"},{"key":"bibr61-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000672"},{"key":"bibr62-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders T. A. B.","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr63-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X15619166"},{"key":"bibr64-00222194231215016","unstructured":"Snow C. E., Lawrence J. F. (2011). Word Generation in Boston Public Schools: Natural history of a literacy intervention. Washington, DC: The Council of the Great City Schools. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cgcs.org\/cms\/lib\/DC00001581\/Centricity\/Domain\/85\/SUERF_Boston.pdf"},{"key":"bibr65-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.357"},{"key":"bibr66-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Structured literacy interventions: Teaching students with reading difficulties, Grades K-6","author":"Spear-Swerling L.","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr67-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022057409189001-204"},{"key":"bibr68-00222194231215016","unstructured":"StataCorp. (2017). Stata statistical software: Release 15."},{"key":"bibr69-00222194231215016","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2013). National Household Survey (NHS) Profile 2011 (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 99-004-XWE). http:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/dp-pd\/prof\/index.cfm?Lang=E"},{"key":"bibr70-00222194231215016","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2023). Census profile. 2021 census of population (Statistics Canada Catalogue No. 98-316-X2021001). https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2021\/dp-pd\/prof\/index.cfm?Lang=E"},{"key":"bibr71-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654314555996"},{"key":"bibr72-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414528540"},{"key":"bibr73-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219416678409"},{"key":"bibr74-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419891412"},{"key":"bibr75-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"bibr76-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanzek J., Stevens E. A., Williams K. J., Scammacca N., Vaughn S., Sargent K. (2018). Current evidence on the effects of intensive early reading interventions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 51(6), 612\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00222194187751","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219418775110"},{"key":"bibr77-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2007.12087917"},{"key":"bibr78-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20176"},{"key":"bibr79-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-015-9321-7"},{"key":"bibr80-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanzek J., Vaughn S., Scammacca N. K., Metz K., Murray C. S., Roberts G., Danielson L. (2013). Extensive reading interventions for students with reading difficulties after grade 3. Review of Educational Research, 83(2), 163\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3102\/003465431347721","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654313477212"},{"key":"bibr81-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2007.00019.x"},{"key":"bibr82-00222194231215016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300408"},{"key":"bibr83-00222194231215016","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson tests of achievement","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr84-00222194231215016","unstructured":"Yoon K. S., Duncan T., Lee S. W.Y., Scarloss B., Shapley K. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement (Issues & Answers Report, REL 2007-No.033). (REL 2007\u2013No. 033). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest. Retrieved from http:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncee\/edlabs"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194231215016","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00222194231215016","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194231215016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:41:09Z","timestamp":1777617669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00222194231215016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00222194231215016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00222194231215016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]}}}