{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:56:51Z","timestamp":1788238611276,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD097772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD097772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this analysis was to describe cognitive processes associated with comorbid difficulty between word reading (WR) and mathematics computation (MC) at the start of first grade among children selected for WR and MC delays. A sample of 234 U.S. children (mean age 6.50 years, SD = 0.31) was assessed on WR, MC, core cognitive processes (phonological processing, rapid automatized naming, verbal counting [VC]), and domain-general cognitive processes (working memory, oral language, nonverbal reasoning, attentive behavior). Structural equation modeling was used to predict a latent Comorbidity factor, which modeled shared variance between WR and MC, and to identify processes associated with that Comorbidity factor. Results identified each of the core cognitive processes, especially VC, and each of the domain-general cognitive processes, especially working memory, as explaining shared variance between WR and MC. Implications for understanding comorbid difficulty at the start of first grade and designing coordinated first-grade interventions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194241248188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T05:20:39Z","timestamp":1714454439000},"page":"112-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comorbid Word Reading and Mathematics Computation Difficulty at Start of First Grade"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Lynn S.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Arlington, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Arlington, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8828-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunsoo","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California-Riverside, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia A.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuire","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Espinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Automated Working Memory Assessment","author":"Alloway T. P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr2-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.577304"},{"key":"bibr3-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1199665"},{"key":"bibr4-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.08.002"},{"key":"bibr5-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.009"},{"key":"bibr6-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000404"},{"key":"bibr7-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c563"},{"key":"bibr8-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.403"},{"key":"bibr9-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191107313888"},{"key":"bibr10-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194020350060301"},{"key":"bibr11-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410612052"},{"key":"bibr12-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.02.001"},{"key":"bibr13-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219418775115"},{"key":"bibr14-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00775"},{"key":"bibr15-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2018.06.002"},{"key":"bibr16-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413494239"},{"key":"bibr17-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102400"},{"key":"bibr18-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-013-9246-y"},{"key":"bibr19-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.037"},{"key":"bibr20-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00897.x"},{"key":"bibr21-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.6.1428"},{"key":"bibr22-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757642.ch8"},{"key":"bibr23-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2013.819356"},{"key":"bibr24-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027475"},{"key":"bibr25-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290407100101"},{"key":"bibr26-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2015.1005745"},{"key":"bibr27-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.29"},{"key":"bibr28-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370040201"},{"key":"bibr29-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000752"},{"key":"bibr30-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030127"},{"key":"bibr31-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12474"},{"key":"bibr32-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Curriculum-based math computation and concepts\/applications","author":"Fuchs L. S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr33-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Arithmetic combinations fluency and double-digit calculations fluency","author":"Fuchs L. S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr34-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.2.345"},{"key":"bibr35-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025510"},{"key":"bibr36-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000452"},{"key":"bibr37-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2586"},{"key":"bibr38-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homung C., Schlitz C., Brunner M., Martin R. (2014). Predicting first-grade mathematics achievement: The contributions of domain-general cognitive abilities., nonverbal number sense, and early number competence. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389.psyg.2014.00272","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00272"},{"key":"bibr39-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr40-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00343-4"},{"key":"bibr41-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.02.001"},{"key":"bibr42-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0014402918756269"},{"key":"bibr43-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.03.001"},{"key":"bibr44-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13287"},{"key":"bibr45-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029285"},{"key":"bibr46-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2017.06.005"},{"key":"bibr47-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282908330586"},{"key":"bibr48-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02164.x"},{"key":"bibr49-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeFevre J.A., Fast L., Skwarchuk S.L., Smith-Change B. L., Bisanz J., Kamawar D., Penner-Wilger M. (2010). Pathways to mathematics: Longitudinal predictors of performance. Child Development, 81, 1753\u20131767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.0158.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01508.x"},{"key":"bibr50-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413498200"},{"key":"bibr51-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12278"},{"key":"bibr52-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734"},{"key":"bibr53-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.4.621"},{"key":"bibr54-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Mplus users guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr55-00222194241248188","volume-title":"How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school","author":"National Research Council","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr56-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.3.554"},{"key":"bibr57-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12375"},{"key":"bibr58-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415594609"},{"key":"bibr59-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12352"},{"key":"bibr60-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.008"},{"key":"bibr61-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Working memory test battery for children","author":"Pickering S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr62-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3788"},{"key":"bibr63-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612466268"},{"key":"bibr64-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Diagnostic test 3: Motivation, metacognition, and mathematics","author":"Salonen P.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr65-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson IV tests of achievement","author":"Schrank F. A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr66-00222194241248188","unstructured":"Shanahan T., Cunningham C., Escamilla K. C., Fischel J., Landry S., Lonigan C.\u2004.\u2004. Strickland D. (2008). Developing early literacy: Report of the national panel on early literacy panel. National Institute for Literacy, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U.S. Department of Education, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/lincs.ed.gov\/publications\/pdf\/NELPReport09.pdf"},{"key":"bibr67-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380507"},{"key":"bibr68-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105009"},{"key":"bibr69-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000670"},{"key":"bibr70-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222154110"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr71-00222194241248188","first-page":"51","volume":"10","author":"Swanson J. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational and Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"bibr72-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410802708903"},{"key":"bibr73-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Test of word reading efficiency\u2013second edition (TOWRE-2)","author":"Torgesen J. K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr74-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-023-09717-5"},{"key":"bibr75-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00209.x"},{"key":"bibr76-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"bibr77-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing","author":"Wagner R. K.","year":"2013","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr78-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12201"},{"key":"bibr79-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr80-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016738"},{"key":"bibr81-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test","author":"Wilkinson G. S.","year":"2006","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr82-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413477476"},{"key":"bibr83-00222194241248188","volume-title":"Woodcock diagnostic reading battery","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr84-00222194241248188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12173"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194241248188","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00222194241248188","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194241248188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:41:12Z","timestamp":1777617672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00222194241248188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00222194241248188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00222194241248188","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}