{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:37:43Z","timestamp":1790872663954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the General Research Fund from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["18602520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18602520"]}]},{"name":"the InnoTech for SEN Students of The Education University of Hong Kong","award":["02332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02332"]}]},{"name":"the Multi-disciplinary Research Capacity Building Scheme Grant of The Education University of Hong Kong","award":["1-32-04A29"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-32-04A29"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In the current study, we tested a network model of reading difficulty by using state-of-the-art psychological network analysis. Four hundred and fifty-three Chinese first-grade children (about 38% female, mean age = 7.00,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.41) were divided into good (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 154), competent (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 147), and struggling (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 152) readers based on their scores of Chinese character reading. The Extended Bayesian Information Criterion graphical lasso (EBICglasso) method was applied to estimate cross-sectional networks for the three groups. Each network included four cognitive nodes (homophone awareness, morphological structure awareness, phonological awareness, and vocabulary) and two ecological nodes (family socioeconomic status and the number of books at home). Chronological age and nonverbal intelligence were also included in the estimated networks. The global (i.e., global structure and global connectivity) and local patterns (i.e., the most important edges and nodes) in each network were reported. The network comparison results showed that global connectivity was significantly lower among struggling readers than for good readers, implying that a holistic impairment of bidirectional connections among multiple variables relates to the difficulty in learning to read. The theoretical and empirical implications and the significance of applying the network approach to reading research are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194241283198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T08:41:39Z","timestamp":1728376899000},"page":"390-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Global and Local Patterns of Reading-Related Cognitive and Ecological Variables in Chinese First-Grade Children: A Cross-Sectional Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1352-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqian","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Education University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengye","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Education University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Education University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2352-2616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Education University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaron P. 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