{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:08:30Z","timestamp":1777892910922,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute for Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R324A200209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R324A200209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Students in grades 2 through 4 with significant word reading difficulties were randomly assigned to one of two 10-week interventions. In the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Dual Treatment<\/jats:italic>\n                    condition, decoding instruction emphasized regularity in spelling-sound correspondence, sound-by-sound decoding, and separately taught high-frequency words on a whole-word basis. In the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Integrated<\/jats:italic>\n                    condition, decoding instruction interleaved regularity and variability in spelling-sound correspondence, targeted larger letter units, and aligned high-frequency word instruction with decoding. At posttest, statistically significant differences favored the Integrated condition on standardized word reading efficiency (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.37), silent word identification fluency (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.41), and an intervention-aligned list of words not targeted in either condition (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.26). Although not statistically significant, effect sizes also favored the Integrated condition on standardized sentence reading efficiency (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.25), intervention-aligned letter-sound correspondence (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.24), and other word lists taught or not taught in both conditions (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    s = 0.12 to 0.21). A nonstatistically significant effect favored the Dual Treatment condition on intervention-aligned correct letter sequences spelling (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = \u22120.19), and null effects were observed on a standardized oral reading fluency (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.04) and intervention-aligned whole word spelling (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.02). Supported exposure to greater variability in spelling-sound correspondence may improve generalized word reading skills.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194261417589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T09:36:01Z","timestamp":1770716161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pilot Study Examining Elements to Improve Generalized Word Reading Skills for Students With Significant Word Reading Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-1303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan H.","family":"Clemens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8719-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis N.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8305-5549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia A.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna-Mari","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Scammacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Osbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas-Austin, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Otaiba S. 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