{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:27:12Z","timestamp":1777894032603,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,5,1]],"date-time":"1989-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":609984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"278-282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Learning Disability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Albert M.","family":"Galaburda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert M. Galaburda, MD, is an associate professor of neurology, Harvard Medical School, director of the Dyslexia Laboratory at the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, and visiting professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile. He received his medical degree from Boston University. His current research focuses on developmental mechanisms of cerebral asymmetry, anomalous dominance, and neuroimmune interactions in developmental learning disorders at the anatomical level. Address: Albert M. Galaburda,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"3","volume":"4","author":"Aranovich, J.","year":"1939","journal-title":"Revista Neurologica (Buenos Aires)"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"619","volume":"132","author":"Avol, E.L.","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Review of Respiratory Diseases"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(83)90087-5"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Winter Conference on Brain Research","author":"Bunge, M."},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901700404"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00689559"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410010109"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Language and the mind","author":"Chomsky, N.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"The learning mystique: A critical look at \u201clearning disabilities.\u201d","author":"Coles, G.S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Developmental dyslexia","author":"Critchley, M.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700640308"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1976.00500040084015"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.07.030184.001015"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688066"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691477"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3968.303"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Dyslexia. An appraisal of current knowledge","author":"Eisenberg, L.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901830404"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Morfologia do cortex cerebral (desenvolvimento)","author":"Fontes, V.","year":"1944"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-3338-5"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(86)80039-9"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90091-1"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.341314"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"1601","volume":"13","author":"Galaburda, A.M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180210"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/88.2.237"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/88.3.585"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3961.940"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0472-76"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Cerebral lateralization","author":"Geschwind, N.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"The developing human brain","author":"Gilles, F.H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900610"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Language learnability and concept acquisition","author":"Gleitman, L.R.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"From reading to neurons. Toward theory and methods for research in developmental dyslexia","author":"Gleitman, L."},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Towards a psychology of reading","author":"Gleitman, L.R.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"1","author":"Hallgren, B.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica and Neurologica"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1981.00510110039003"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1978.00500260028005"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1977.0050"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: A report to the U.S. Congress","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02869355"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4951-9"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Anatomie und Histologie des Grosshirns","author":"Jakob, A.","year":"1927"},{"key":"atypb44","author":"Kaufmann, W.E.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02663617"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Cerebral dominance","author":"Kemper, T.L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-443701-2.50017-2","volume":"1","author":"Lecours, A.R.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Foundations of Language Development"},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"From reading to neurons. Toward theory and methods for research in developmental dyslexia","author":"Lecours, A.R."},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197106102842305"},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Toward a psychology of reading","author":"Liberman, I.Y.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685375"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(87)90092-7"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"From reading to neurons. Toward theory and methods for research in developmental dyslexia","author":"Mehler, J."},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"Neonate cognition: Beyond the buzzing, blooming confusion","author":"Mehler, J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb55","first-page":"251","volume":"87","author":"Morel, F.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Revue Neurologique"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1925.02200170002001"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3291116"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901320103"},{"key":"atypb59","first-page":"44","volume":"13","author":"Rosen, G.D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Dyslexia. An appraisal of current knowledge","author":"Rutter, M.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb61","first-page":"969","volume":"141","author":"Sarnat, H.B.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(81)90061-8"},{"key":"atypb63","first-page":"1601","volume":"13","author":"Sherman, G.F.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90617-3"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07367228409144548"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.2.313"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0387-34"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490460055007"},{"key":"atypb69","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Regional development of the brain in early life","author":"Yakovlev, P.I.","year":"1967"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200504","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:07:12Z","timestamp":1777619232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221948902200504"}},"subtitle":["Biological, Societal, or Both? A Response to Gerald Coles"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221948902200504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221948902200504","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,5]]}}}