{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1791888490091,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]],"date-time":"1989-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":612662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Phonological coding, measured by the oral reading of nonwords, and orthographic coding, measured by the discrimination of words from homophonic nonwords (e.g., rane, rain), were compared for pairs of older children with reading disabilities (RD) and younger nondisabled readers matched on word recognition. Phonological coding was substantially lower for most children with RD, indicating a unique developmental deficit in phonological coding rather than an equal developmental lag across all component reading skills. Data from identical and fraternal twins indicated that the phonological coding deficit of the children with RD was highly heritable and accounted for most of the heritable variance in their word recognition deficits. The deficits of the twins with RD in segmental language skills (rhyming and phoneme segmentation) were related to the heritable variance in their phonological coding deficits. Orthographic coding was not significantly heritable, and it accounted for much of the environmental variance in word recognition deficits. Implications of the results for the remediation of reading disability are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"339-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":406,"title":["Specific Deficits in Component Reading and Language Skills"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard Olson is professor of psychology at the University of Colorado. He received his PhD from the University of Oregon. Address: Richard Olson, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Box 345, Boulder, CO 80309."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Wise, Frances Conners is research associates on the twin and computer projects. They received their PhDs respectively from the University of Colorado, University of Cincinnati, and University College, London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Conners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Rack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Rack are research associates on the twin and computer projects. They received their PhDs respectively from the University of Colorado, University of Cincinnati, and University College, London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fulker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Fulker is professor of psychology at the University of Colorado. He received his PhD from the University of Birmingham, England."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.96.3.560"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Basic processes in reading: Perception and comprehension","author":"Baron, J.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05180.x"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0","volume":"271","author":"Bradley, L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747904"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.1.101"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Cognition in learning and memory","author":"Calfee, R.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748508400944"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066239"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/329537a0"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Examiner's manual: Peabody Individual Achievement Test","author":"Dunn, L.M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Reading acquisition","author":"Gough, P.B."},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association","author":"Jackson, N.E."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(74)90101-5","volume":"18","author":"Liberman, I.Y.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.23.3.1"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Progress in learning disabilities","author":"Lyon, G.R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Progress in learning disabilities","author":"Myklebust, H.R.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia","author":"Olson, R.K.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201007"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 4","author":"Olson, R.K.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Computers and reading: Issues for theory and practice","author":"Olson, R.K.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Reading and its development: Component skills approaches","author":"Olson, R.K."},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Behavioral genetics: A primer","author":"Plomin, R.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1985.tb01956.x"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"An investigation of memory coding in developmental dyslexia","author":"Rack, J.P.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1983.tb02570.x"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02658603"},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"Saffran, E.M. (1985). Acquired dyslexia: Implications for models of reading. G.E. MacKinnon & T.G. Waller (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (pp. 231\u2013258). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6828864"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"A169","volume":"39","author":"Smith, S.D.","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(80)90021-1"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00309831"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities","author":"Stanovich, K.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130390"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1987.tb00207.x"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202503"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S000156600000725X"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and Research","author":"Vellutino, F.R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"321","volume":"33","author":"Vellutino, F.R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200604","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:07:19Z","timestamp":1777619239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221948902200604"}},"subtitle":["Genetic and Environmental Influences"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221948902200604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221948902200604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}}}