{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:26:57Z","timestamp":1777894017639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]],"date-time":"1989-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":612662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>At the beginning of the school year, 80 first graders, half receiving phonics instruction and half receiving whole word instruction, were asked to spell, read aloud, and recognize 60 regular and exception words. A standardized reading test and phoneme segmentation test were also administered. Those above grade level in reading excelled in phonological recoding and application of grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules and were weaker in utilization of visual-orthographic knowledge. Those below grade level applied visual more than phonological coding and benefited from the visual-orthographic knowledge available in a clue word. Results support a continuum of visual and phonological analysis skills in first-grade reading consistent with Frith's (1985) logographic, alphabetic, and orthographic skill levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"349-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Visual and Phonological Processing of Words"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Barbara R.","family":"Foorman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara R. Foorman is associate professor of educational psychology at the University of Houston, where she conducts research on children's cognitive development and reading and language acquisition. She received her MAT from Harvard Graduate School of Education and PhD from the University of California, Berkeley, in reading and language development. Address: Barbara Foorman, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5874."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dov","family":"Liberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dov Liberman is an associate professor in the Educational Psychology Department at the University of Houston. He received his doctorate from the Harvard Graduate School of Education in human development and his master's degree in curriculum development at Tel-Aviv University. His research interests lie in the area of the application of development paradigms to curriculum issues."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.7194"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Cognitive approaches to reading","author":"Bryant, P.E.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"The American Heritage word frequency book","author":"Carroll, J.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Strategies of information processing","author":"Coltheart, M.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn, L.M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Reading research: Advances in research and theory","author":"Ehri, L.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8248-5_7"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Literacy, language and learning","author":"Ehri, L.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia","author":"Frith, U.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1983.tb00906.x"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.5.4.674"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Interactive processes in reading","author":"Glushko, R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(86)90016-0"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02653717"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258500600604"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Gates-MacGinitie reading tests","author":"MacGinitie, W.H.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080660"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90004-1"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Behavioral measures of dyslexia","author":"Olson, R.K.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Reading ability","author":"Perfetti, C.A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90003-X"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Helping children overcome learning disabilities (2nd. ed.)","author":"Rosner, J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(85)90034-7"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200605","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:07:19Z","timestamp":1777619239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221948902200605"}},"subtitle":["A Comparison of Good and Poor Readers"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221948902200605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221948902200605","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}}}