{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:26:55Z","timestamp":1777894015116,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]],"date-time":"1989-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":612662400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale (Nowicki &amp; Strickland, 1973) was administered to 51 boys, ages 7 to 9 years. Children were classified into four separate diagnostic groups: (a) attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH), (b) learning disabled (LD), (c) ADDH-LD, and (d) controls. Results of a 2 X 2 (ADDH X LD) analysis of variance indicated that the LD diagnostic dimension was associated with heightened externality. Locus of control scores were not found to be significantly related to scores on a variety of other descriptive and diagnostic measures with the exception of IQ-academic achievement discrepancy scores. Results are contrasted with previous findings for ADDH and LD samples and highlight the vulnerability of children who are experiencing even relatively minor learning problems. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"381-383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Locus of Control in Children with Learning Disabilities and Hyperactivity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Tarnowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenneth J. Tarnowski received his PhD in clinical psychology from the University of South Carolina and is currently associate professor of pediatrics and chief of the Division of Child and Adolescent Development, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital. Address: Kenneth J. Tarnowski, Department of Pediatrics, Core A-451, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, 3395 Scranton Rd., Cleveland, OH 44109."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Nay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Susan M. Nay is completing her PhD in clinical psychology at the University of South Carolina and is currently a psychology intern at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Lexington, KY."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III)","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9811-0_4"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948001300207"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916347"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020966"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"91","volume":"36","author":"Crandall, V.C.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Occupations and social status","author":"Duncan, O.D.","year":"1961"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Peabody individual achievement test","author":"Dunn, L.M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919127"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947801100407"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947600900610"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60064-9"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60508-2"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00918160"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.50.4.592"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"91","volume":"39","author":"McGhee, P.E.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033978"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501800505"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0092976"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Hyperactive children: Diagnosis and management","author":"Safer, D.J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Clinical treatment and research in child psychopathology","author":"Searcy, J.D.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1971.10884149"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543051001101"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"A parent-teacher rating scale for operationalizing DSM III symptoms of attention deficit disorder","author":"Swanson, J.M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.4.341"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"An application of attribution theory to self-concept development of learning disabled adolescents (Technical Report)","author":"Tollefson, N.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1977.40.1.43"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.6.1113"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2013Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200610","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:07:21Z","timestamp":1777619241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221948902200610"}},"subtitle":["A Subgroup Analysis"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221948902200610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221948902200610","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,6]]}}}