{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:40:59Z","timestamp":1791308459330,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,10,1]],"date-time":"1989-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":623203200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this article was to examine the logic and the empirical data supporting the proposition that intelligence tests are not necessary for the definition of a learning disability. Four assumptions of the use of IQ test scores in the definition of learning disabilities were examined. These assumptions were (a) IQ tests measure intelligence; (b) intelligence and achievement are independent, and the presence of a learning disability will not affect IQ scores; (c) IQ scores predict reading, and children with low IQ scores should be poor readers; and (d) reading disabled children with different IQ scores have different cognitive processes and information skills. It was argued that IQ scores measure factual knowledge, expressive language abilities, and short-term memory, among other skills, and that because children with learning disabilities have deficits in these areas, their scores may be spuriously low. It was also shown that some children with low IQ scores can be good readers, indicating that low IQ scores do not necessarily result in poor reading. Empirical evidence was presented that poor readers at a variety of IQ levels show similar reading, spelling, language, and memory deficits. On logical and empirical grounds, IQ test scores are not necessary for the definition of learning disabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"469-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":436,"title":["IQ Is Irrelevant to the Definition of Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda, S. Siegel, is a professor of special education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education in Toronto, Ontario. She has published articles in the areas of reading disability, arithmetic disability, definitional issues in regard to learning disabilities, language and memory and difficulties in children with learning disabilities, and the early detection of possible learning disabilities. Address: Linda S. Siegel, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor St. West, Toronto, Ontario..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(82)90020-6"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1977.01770230021001"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1981.49.1.198"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129042"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Barsky, V.E. & Siegel, L.S. (1987). The speed factor and WISC-R Performance IQ: Effects on subtypes of learning disabled children. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747307"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Biemiller, A. & Siegel, L.S. (1988). Developmental changes in relationships between reading comprehension, reading speed, reading accuracy, and working memory. Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(80)80039-6"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510788"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Gates-McKillop reading diagnostic tests","author":"Gates, A.I.","year":"1962"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Gilmore oral reading test","author":"Gilmore, J. V.","year":"1968"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"GFW sound-symbol tests","author":"Goldman, R.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196989"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test","author":"Jastak, J.R.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Developmental study of learning disabled children and follow up of the effects of the Tomatis remedial program","author":"Kershner, J.R.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Illinois test of psycholinguistc ability","author":"Kirk, S.A.","year":"1968"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638808400871"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1967.tb01895.x"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510421"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice","author":"Olson, R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1983.tb02570.x"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915788"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge","author":"Rutter, M.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1975.tb01269.x"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049538808259065"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Dyslexia and other myths","author":"Share, D.L.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1987.tb01039.x"},{"key":"atypb28","author":"Share, D.L.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13682828709019864"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(84)90022-8"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0081003"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5036-4_3"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"45","volume":"2","author":"Siegel, L.S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084184"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288302200401"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Handbook of cognitive, social and neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities","author":"Siegel, L.S.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.20.2.200"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258400500308"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Subtypes of developmental dyslexia: The influence of definitional variables","author":"Siegel, L.S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.1.28"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440297704300603"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648254"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747433"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1985.tb00947.x"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Dyslexia: An appraisal of current knowledge","author":"Vellutino, F.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and research","author":"Vellutino, F.R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children\u2013Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests","author":"Woodcock, R. W.","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1973.tb02264.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200803","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221948902200803","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:07:30Z","timestamp":1777619250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221948902200803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221948902200803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221948902200803","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]}}}