{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:28:06Z","timestamp":1777894086993,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,8,1]],"date-time":"1990-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":649468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to better understand whether visual discrimination abilities are related to reading intelligence and other achievement areas in children with learning disabilities and normally achieving children. Children with visual discrimination problems were identified using the Gibson letter-like visual discrimination task. This task was given to a large sample of children with learning disabilities as well as a sample of normally achieving children. All children were followed throughout elementary school. Results indicated that children with learning disabilities who had visual discrimination problems at 6 or 7 years of age performed more poorly in reading and general achievement over the elementary school years in comparison to the other children with learning disabilities and compared to normally achieving children. Discussion centers around the importance of this skill for reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"417-425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Visual Discrimination of Letter-Like Forms and Its Relationship to Achievement over Time in Children with Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lynne V.","family":"Feagans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lynne V. Feagans is professor of human development in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Penn State."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Merriwether","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ann Merriwether is a graduate student in the Department of Psychology at Penn State. Address: Lynne V. Feagans, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, S-110 Henderson Building, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"Three children in the LD group were dropped because their IQs were below 85."},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Attrition over the 3 years was approximately 25% but ranged from 32% in the LD low-error group to 0% in the NLD high-error group."},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"An introduction to learning disabilities","author":"Adelman, H.S.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.1970.tb03667.x"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1973.tb05180.x"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Peabody individual achievement test","author":"Dunn, L.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.78.5.358"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0193-3973(81)90013-7"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"The Frostig program for the development of visual perception: Teacher's guide","author":"Frostig, M.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221946900201105"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"The principles of perceptual learning and its development","author":"Gibson, E.J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043190"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"The psychology of reading","author":"Gibson, E.J.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(63)80078-X"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"The senses considered as perceptual systems","author":"Gibson, J.J.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"The ecological approach to visual perception","author":"Gibson, J.J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Introduction to learning disabilities","author":"Hallahan, D.P.","year":"1985","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948301600910"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test","author":"Jastak, J.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201500110"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"The slow learner in the classroom","author":"Kephart, N.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002246697500900307"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948101400505"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401700113"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510483"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"The child's conception of space","author":"Piaget, J.","year":"1956"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-185030-2.50010-X"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: The interaction of learner, task, and setting","author":"Smith, C.R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900308"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02659181"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947300600309"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and research","author":"Vellutino, F.R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson psycho-educational battery","author":"Woodcock, R.W.","year":"1977"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949002300705","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949002300705","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:08:20Z","timestamp":1777619300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949002300705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949002300705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949002300705","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1990,8]]}}}