{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:27:59Z","timestamp":1777894079010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1991,2,1]],"date-time":"1991-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":665366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of extra time on the ability of university students with and without learning disabilities to complete a reading comprehension test under timed and extra-time conditions. The participants were 16 students identified as having learning disabilities and 15 normally achieving students, all attending the University of California. The Nelson-Denny Reading Comprehension and Reading Rate Test was used. Percentile ranks were obtained for reading rates on individuals, and for comprehension scores under timed and extra-time conditions. The major findings of this study were that there is a significant difference between scores obtained by students with learning disabilities and by normally achieving students under timed conditions and that there are no significant differences in test performance between students with learning disabilities and normally achieving university students when students with learning disabilities are provided extra time. Normally achieving students did not perform significantly better with extra time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"104-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Effect of Extra Time on Reading Comprehension Scores for University Students With and Without Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"M. Kay","family":"Runyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M. Kay Runyan is a doctoral candidate in the Joint Doctoral Program in Special Education at the University of California at Berkeley and San Francisco State University. She is coordinator of services to students with learning disabilities at the University of California at Berkeley. Address M. Kay Runyan, Disabled Students Program, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Assessment supervisors' manual of instruction for special testing","author":"ACT.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Psychological testing","author":"Anatasi, A.","year":"1982","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201501009"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948001300103"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Nelson-Denny reading test manual (Forms E and F)","author":"Brown, J.I.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Cordoni, B.K.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Perceptions"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948101400712"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948301600608"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Unpublished doctoral dissertation","author":"Halla, J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Learning disabled college students: Assessment of academic aptitude","author":"Hill, G.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test-Revised","author":"Jastak, S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947901200108"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02658603"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"142","volume-title":"Handbook of learning disabilities, Vol. 1, dimensions and diagnosis","author":"Senf, G.M.","year":"1976"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb17","first-page":"91","volume":"2","author":"Speece, D.L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Training Disabilities Research"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities","author":"Stanovich, K.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"College and the learning disabled student","author":"Strichart, S.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson psycho-educational test battery","author":"Woodcock, R.","year":"1977"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949102400207","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949102400207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:08:49Z","timestamp":1777619329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949102400207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949102400207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949102400207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,2]]}}}