{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:34:13Z","timestamp":1778744053835,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,1]],"date-time":"1992-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":696902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tests of a model of the expected relationships between language abilities and reading achievement measures from the beginning of kindergarten through third grade are discussed. At kindergarten, more global language abilities influenced early, wholistic measures of reading achievement, including letter and number naming. At Grade 1, these earlier accomplishments had a direct effect on word recognition, but a second direct effect was also apparent for word and phoneme segmentation measured in kindergarten. Comprehension at Grade 1 was influenced primarily by word recognition abilities at the same time. At Grade 2, comprehension influenced word recognition; at Grade 3, word recognition and comprehension were essentially independent. These findings are considered in the context of Frith's three-phase hypothesis of reading acquisition. A rationale for testing the potential of training in auditory segmentation to modulate the effects of developmental dyslexia is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"82-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Language Abilities, Reading Acquisition, and Developmental Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Diane J.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diane J. Sawyer received her PhD in psycholinguistics and child development from Cornell University. She currently holds the Murfree Chair of Excellence in Dyslexic Studies at Middle Tennessee State University and an appointment as research professor at Syracuse University. She served as director of the Syracuse University reading clinic from 1971 to 1989. Her research interests include the language base of reading and reading difficulties. In 1989 she was awarded the Garcia Prize by the International..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648257"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3151716"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747049"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.313"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Test of auditory comprehension of language","author":"Carrow, E.","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02656900"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/329537a0"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"First graders' segmenting ability, method of instruction, and beginning performance: A readiness perspective.","author":"Dougherty, C.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test-Revised","author":"Dunn, L.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Handbook of reading research: Vol. II.","author":"Ehri, L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Literacy before schooling","author":"Ferreiro, E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia","author":"Frith, U.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648022"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02656901"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410180210"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Gates-MacGinitie reading tests: Reading skills","author":"Gates, A.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19388076709556976"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Iowa tests of basic skills","author":"Hieronymous, A.N.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Paper presented at the second annual Perspectives on Dyslexia Conference","author":"Hynd, G.W."},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Lisrel VI","author":"Joreskog, K.G.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 38th International Communications Association Conference","author":"Kang, N.J."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1967.11707799"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648140"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Lundberg, I. (1988). Preschool prevention of reading failure: Does training in phonological awareness work? In R. Masland & M. Masland (Eds.), Preschool prevention of reading failure. (pp. 163\u2013176). Parkton, MD: York Press."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.811"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1986.63.2.655"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200604"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648060"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258500600608"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Paper presented at the first annual Perspectives on Dyslexia Conference","author":"Richardson, S.O."},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Test of awareness of language segments","author":"Sawyer, D.J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Preschool prevention of reading failure","author":"Sawyer, D.J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3301.70"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Disorders of learning in childhood","author":"Silver, A.A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Slosson oral reading test","author":"Slosson, R.L.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747605"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(88)90038-8"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5402.167"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(88)90029-9"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Cognitive abilities test","author":"Thorndike, R.L.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5402.287"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"321","volume":"33","author":"Vellutino, F.R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300111"},{"key":"atypb45","first-page":"261","volume":"34","author":"Wagner, R.K.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747079"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Theory and practice of early readin","author":"Williams, J.P.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Orton Dyslexia Society","author":"Zaidel, E."}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500201","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:09:41Z","timestamp":1777619381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949202500201"}},"subtitle":["A Discussion of Hypothetical and Observed Relationships"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949202500201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949202500201","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]}}}