{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:29:04Z","timestamp":1777894144867,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,1]],"date-time":"1992-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":696902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diane Sawyer (this issue) presents an account of reading development and its disabilities that stresses the contribution of a hierarchy of metalinguistic skills in the segmentation and manipulation of speech. Two of her central claims are discussed: (1) Failure to master the productive relationship between spelling and sound may often originate in difficulty in the prerequisite ability to carry out phonemic segmentation; the population so affected may include both \u201ctrue\u201d and \u201capparent\u201d types of dyslexia, with rather different prognoses; and (2) a range of hierarchically and temporally organized sublexical metalinguistic speech skills govern the timecourse of reading development. Evidence from cognitive neuropsychological case reports is reviewed for its bearing on these claims and for its implications for the strong metalinguistic hypothesis, which contends that explicit, conscious mastery of the relationship between phonology and orthography is a necessary (and perhaps sufficient) precondition for the development of fluent reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"96-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Status of Metalinguistic Skills in Reading Development"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James M. Hodgson received his PhD from the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is currently research associate in the Neurolinguistics Laboratory and the Center for Reading and Writing Research, Institute of Health Professions, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. His research interests are in the cognitive and neurological bases of reading development and reading disorders. Address: James M. Hodgson, Neurolinguistics Laboratory,..."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Beginning to read: Learning and thinking about print","author":"Adams, M.J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"From reading to neurons","author":"Bertelson, P.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748508400944"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Language and problems of knowledge","author":"Chomsky, N.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299008253433"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Categorical perception","author":"Eimas, P.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3968.303"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia: Cognitive and neuropsychological studies of phonological reading","author":"Frith, U.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Cerebral lateralization","author":"Geschwind, N.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Paper presented at the third annual meeting of the American Psychological Society","author":"Hodgson, J.M."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.106.3.447"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400004380"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90015-2"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548331.1967.11707799"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Towards a psychology of reading","author":"Liberman, I.Y.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.23.3.1"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1980.tb00356.x"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice","author":"Marsh, G.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90004-1"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(79)90020-9"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Language learnability and language development","author":"Pinker, S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90003-X"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Preschool prevention of reading failure","author":"Sawyer, D.J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"255","volume-title":"From reading to neurons","author":"Seidenberg, M.S.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(84)90270-6"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(84)90120-6"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198326"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb30","first-page":"293","volume":"12","author":"Waters, G.S.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Reading and Cognition"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500202","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:09:42Z","timestamp":1777619382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949202500202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949202500202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949202500202","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]}}}