{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:02:58Z","timestamp":1791208978382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]],"date-time":"1992-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":702086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental flexibility (skill with shifting response set) and visual planning skills were examined with a group of 60 children and adolescents with learning disabilities. The sample consisted of 44 boys and 16 girls with an age range of 9 to 15. Scores from the Trail Making Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were cluster-analyzed and subgroups were formulated. The results of the cluster analysis indicated a two-group solution to be most appropriate. One subtype was clearly dysfunctional on the classifying variables, while the other subgroup approached average levels. The two subtypes were compared on measures of intellectual functions, academic skills, auditory memory, visual memory, visual-motor integration, motor speed, and tactile integration. Significance was found on several different tests. The results are discussed in terms of potential cortical dysfunction evidenced by the subgroups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"265-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Mental Flexibility and Planning Skills in Children and Adolescents with Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeffrey H. Snow received his PhD from the University of Georgia in 1983. He is currently a neuropsychologist and director of psychological services at the New Medico Rehabilitation Center at Timber Ridge Ranch. His current research focuses on cognitive\/neuropsychological skills with different clinical populations. Address: Jeffrey H. Snow, New Medico, Timber Ridge Ranch, PO Box 90, Benton, AR 72015."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Manual for the CBCL and Revised Child Behavior Profile.","author":"Achenbach, T.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638508401242"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Instructions for the use of Visual Motor Gestalt Test.","author":"Bender, L.","year":"1946"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(68)90038-9"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Revised Visual Retention Test: Clinical and experimental applications.","author":"Benton, A.L.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854048708520058"},{"key":"atypb7","author":"Conners, C.K.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psycho-pharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(77)80037-3"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638408401195"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-1864-5"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060203"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639008400995"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639108401069"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual.","author":"Heaton, R.K.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.106.3.447"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530080107018"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test-Revised.","author":"Jastak, S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.867036"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8579-4"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-6807-4_3"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688637908401095"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Manual for administration of neuropsychological test batteries for adults and children.","author":"Reitan, R.M.","year":"1969"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854048708520056"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the model.","author":"Rourke, B.P.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.196"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428298500300411"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638308401186"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Revised.","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1983.04210070003003"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"395","volume":"5","author":"Zangwill, O.L.","year":"1966","journal-title":"International Journal of Neurology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500408","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:09:52Z","timestamp":1777619392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949202500408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949202500408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949202500408","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]}}}