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Multiple regression analyses indicated that the best predictor of achievement across the five academic tests was the Verbal Comprehension factor from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Age, socioeconomic status (SES), and externalizing behavior problems were also significant predictors of achievement, depending on the academic measure. After controlling for age, SES, behavior problems, and intelligence, the phonological awareness task added significantly to the prediction of word attack, spelling, and reading comprehension scores; rapid letter naming added significantly to the prediction of word identification and prose passage speed and accuracy scores; and a word-list memory task added significantly to the prediction of word recognition scores. These results suggest that several independent processes interact to determine the extent and severity of reading problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"532-538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["The Relationship of Phonological Awareness, Rapid Naming, and Verbal Memory to Severe Reading and Spelling Disability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Cornwall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anne Cornwall received a PhD in clinical psychology from McGill University in 1987. She is currently a psychologist at the I.W.K. Children's Hospital, specializing in the assessment and treatment of children with learning disabilities. Address: Anne Cornwall, Psychology Department, IWK Children's Hospital, 5850 University Ave., PO Box 3070, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3J 3G9."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Child behavior checklist","author":"Achenbach, T.M.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300514"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.6.510"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-618X.1976.tb00759.x"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/748044"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(73)80034-9"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and practice of remedial instruction","author":"Clark, D.B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(85)90088-8"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374418309533109"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 13th annual meeting of the International Neurological Society","author":"Gates, R.D."},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test-Revised","author":"Jastak, S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Intelligent testing with the WISC-R","author":"Kaufman, A.S.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Revised smoothed normative data in the neuropsychological test battery for children","author":"Knights, R.M.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300407"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Toward a psychology of reading (pp","author":"Liberman, I.Y.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities (pp","author":"Mann, V.A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401701005"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900109"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Fundamental research statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"Roscoe, J.T.","year":"1975","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947100400706"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Developmental neuropsychiatry (pp","author":"Schonhaut, S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.20.2.200"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities","author":"Stanovich, K.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1899-6_12"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501800608"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510350"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Gray oral reading tests-Revised","author":"Wiederholt, J.L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130373"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery test-Revised","author":"Woodcock, R.W.","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500808","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500808","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:10:09Z","timestamp":1777619409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949202500808"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949202500808"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949202500808","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,10]]}}}