{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:30:42Z","timestamp":1789626642982,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,11,1]],"date-time":"1992-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":720576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We reviewed the records of 42 consecutive cases of children with Tourette Syndrome (TS) who had IQs above 70, and contrasted the reading, reading comprehension, math, and spelling quotients with IQ scores to determine how many would meet criteria for a learning disability. The mean IQ of the 35 males and 7 females was 94.4 and was higher than the mean math score (82.8), spelling score (90.4), reading score (87.4), and reading comprehension score (853). Using a 1.5 standard deviation discrepancy, 51% met criteria for learning disability in at least one academic area; 21% had a 2-standard-deviation discrepancy. Children with TS frequently have learning disabilities, and assessment of academic achievement should be a routine aspect in the evaluation of such children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"598-604","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Tourette Syndrome and Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Larry","family":"Burd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Larry Burd is an associate professor at the Departments of Neuroscience and Pediatrics at the University of North Dakota and an education specialist in the Child Evaluation and Treatment Program. He obtained his MS in special education at Eastern Montana College. His research interests include developmental disabilities, time estimation, Tourette Syndrome, and autism."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Kauffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David W. Kauffman is in the doctoral program at the Department of Clinical Psychology at the Un\u00efversity of North Dakota. His research interests include reading across the life span and developmental disorders in children."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Kerbeshian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacob Kerbeshian, MD, is an associate professor of neuroscience at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine. He received his MD at the University of Rochester. His research interests are developmental disorders in children, adolescents, and adults; Tourette Syndrome; and psychiatric aspects of genetic disorders. Address: Larry Burd, MCRH, 1300 So. Columbia Road, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198510000-00010"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Children with Tourette Syndrome: A parents guide","author":"Burd, L.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198703000-00006"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"831","volume":"29","author":"Burd, L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Advances in neurology","author":"Burd, L."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(88)80047-2"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.3.472"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","author":"Cohen, D.J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Tourette syndrome and human behavior","author":"Comings, D.E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"701","volume":"41","author":"Comings, D.E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"209","volume":"43","author":"Comings, D.E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"463","volume":"51","author":"Comings, D.E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Peabody individual achievement test manual","author":"Dunn, L.M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.53.2.127"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-198406000-00002"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"357","volume":"32","author":"Fisher, W.F.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Deficiency Research"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)31117-4"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","author":"Hagin, R.A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Tourette's Syndrome and tic disorders: Clinical understanding and treatment","author":"Hagin, R.A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","author":"Incagnoli, T.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/8.2.267"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"The wide range achievement test","author":"Jastak, J.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome","author":"Joschko, M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61698-8"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Peabody individual test manual-Revised","author":"Markwardt, F.C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"206","volume":"43","author":"Pauls, D.L.","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610163151604"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800120066013"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400709"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197210)28:4<596::AID-JCLP2270280445>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (2nd ed.)","author":"Shapiro, A.K.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450080084036"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200814"},{"key":"atypb36","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Best practices in school psychology","author":"Telzrow, C.F.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Stanford-Binet intelligence scal (4th ed.)e","author":"Thorndyke, R.L.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500909","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949202500909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:10:14Z","timestamp":1777619414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949202500909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949202500909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949202500909","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,11]]}}}