{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:27:55Z","timestamp":1777894075736,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,2,1]],"date-time":"1993-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":728524800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This investigation examined the relationship between intelligence and phonological coding when ability was redefined according to the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive (PASS) cognitive processing model. This study directly tested the hypothesis that traditional IQ tests may be irrelevant to the definition of learning disabilities, but a different theory of intelligence may be more sensitive to deficiencies related to reading failure. Normally achieving students (n=30) and students with reading disabilities (n=30) ranging in age from 7.7 years to 15.3 years (mean = 11.9 years, SD = 2.4 years) were administered measures of the PASS cognitive processes, the Woodcock-Johnson Pyscho-Educational Battery-Revised pseudoword reading, and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised (WRAT-R) reading recognition tests. Results showed that the sample with reading disabilities earned significantly lower scores on the WRAT-R Reading (mean = 69.3) than the nondisabled subjects (mean = 91.4) and, similarly, on pseudowords those with reading problems earned a mean of 78.9 while the nondisabled earned a mean of 96.3. For the sample with reading disabilities, pseudoword reading scores were significantly predicted by successive processing scores (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = .267), but no other processing variable added to the prediction; successive scores (R2 = .212) and the combination of successive and planning (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = .296) were significant predictors of WRAT-R Reading scores.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949302600205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"127-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Traditional IQ Is Irrelevant to Learning Disabilities\u2014Intelligence Is Not"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jack A.","family":"Naglieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Reardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South-West City Schools located in the Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200813"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129931"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"246","volume":"23","author":"Cummins, J.P.","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Alberta Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.48.6.777"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"6","volume":"77","author":"Das, J.P.","year":"1972","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Das, J.P. (1985). Global and specific re-mediation of reading problems. In G. d'Ydewalle (Ed.), Cognition, information processing, and motivation (pp. 665-679). Holland: Elsevier Science."},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Das-Naglieri: Cognitive assessment battery-Experimental form","author":"Das, J.P.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1989.10806499"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, J.P., Snart, F. & Mulcahy, R.F. (1982). Reading disability and its relation to information integration. In J.P. Das, R.F. Mulcahy, & A.E. Wall (Eds.), Theory and research in learning disabilities (pp. 85-110). New York: Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2157-4_5"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"117","volume":"1","author":"Das, J.P.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychology"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences","author":"Gardner, H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Stroop color and word test","author":"Golden, C.J.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Fundamental statistics in psychology and education","author":"Guilford, J.P.","year":"1978"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test-","author":"Jastak, S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Kaufman test of educational achievement","author":"Kaufman, A.S.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0078948"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Learning problems: A cognitive approach","author":"Kirby, J.R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(80)90031-4"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Human brain and psychological processes","author":"Luria, A.R.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology","author":"Luria, A.R.","year":"1973"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(74)90022-4"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8579-4"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Language and cognition","author":"Luria, A.R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Matrix analogies test-Expanded form","author":"Naglieri, J.A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2402_4"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"3","volume":"17","author":"Naglieri, J.A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"The Mental Rgtardation and Learning Disabilities Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428298700500405"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428299000800308"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1990.12087349"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(91)90011-F"},{"key":"atypb31","author":"Prewett, P.N.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.1984.tb00253.x"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(86)90027-9"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200803"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002246698802200305"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Metaphors of mind: Conceptions of the nature of intelligence","author":"Sternberg, R.J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(91)90035-C"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200808"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200806"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson psycho-educational battery-Revised","author":"Woodcock, R.W.","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949302600205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949302600205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:10:25Z","timestamp":1777619425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949302600205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949302600205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949302600205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,2]]}}}