{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:07:05Z","timestamp":1791234425158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,1]],"date-time":"1993-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":752112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A group of poor readers classified as dyslexic by age\/IQ discrepancy criteria (n=42) were contrasted with two clinic control groups: 56 adequate-for-age readers with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and 21 poor-for-age readers not meeting the IQ discrepancy criterion (slow\/borderline group). The children (33 girls, 86 boys) ranged in age from 7.5 years to 12 years. Variables chosen for study included simple and complex phonological processing, speech rate, continuous naming speed, running memory span, serial memory span, and mental addition. Evidence is presented that the two poor reader groups are distinguishable. Unlike the dyslexic group, the slow\/borderline group did not differ from the ADD group on three key measures: simple auditory phonological sensitivity, continuous naming speed, and running memory span. Stepwise regression to predict word list reading level showed that once age and verbal IQ were removed (51% of variance), these three key measures accounted for an additional 22% of the variance (R=0.86, R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =0.73). The single best predictor of word list reading level was nonsense word list reading level, which was explained by the same set of five variables that explained real word reading (R=0.77, R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    =.60). Severity of attentional problems was not linearly related to reading skill in this clinic sample.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949302600910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"597-609","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":152,"title":["Phonological Processes, Confrontational Naming, and Immediate Memory in Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Peggy T.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peggy T. Ackerman, MA, is a research associate in the Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roscoe A.","family":"Dykman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roscoe A. Dykman, PhD, is emeritus professor of psychiatry, UAMS, and director of the Behavioral Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital. Address: Peggy T. Ackerman, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Ambulatory Research and Education, Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., Little Rock, AR 72202."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and revised Child Behavior Profile.","author":"Achenbach, T.M.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510385"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(86)90060-6"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300506"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300514"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400906"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Ackerman, P.T. Dykman, R.A. & Oglesby, D.M. (1992a).\n                      EEG power spectra of dyslexic, slow learner, and ADD children during word list viewing.\n                      Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Ackerman, P.T. Dykman, R.A. & Oglesby, D.M. (1992b).\n                      Visual event related potentials of dyslexic children to rhyming and non rhyming stimuli.\n                      Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00924513"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(82)90017-0"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Working memory.","author":"Baddeley, A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(91)90032-N"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Assessing reading difficulties: A diagnostic and remedial approach.","author":"Bradley, L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Learning disabilities (Vol. 2): Cognitive, social, and remedial aspects","author":"Bradley, L.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0","volume":"271","author":"Bradley, L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.439"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(82)90054-6"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948601900813"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(81)90018-0"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"24","volume":"9","author":"Conners, C.K.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia.","author":"Duane, D.D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400206"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Working memory in dyslexic children: Final report.","author":"Dykman, R.A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500905"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia","author":"Dykman, R.A.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7750(08)60021-X"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90157-C"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"133","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia","author":"Filipek, P.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"119","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia","author":"Galaburda, A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Phonological skills and learning to read.","author":"Goswami, U.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.108.3.356"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00912324"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01663.x"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Two factor index of social position.","author":"Hollingsworth, A.B.","year":"1957"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(84)90124-3"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530080107018"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"The wide range achievement test-Revised.","author":"Jastak, J.F.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"The Boston naming test.","author":"Kaplan, E.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258500600604"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(88)90085-1"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943"},{"key":"atypb45","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Advances in behavioral pediatrics","author":"Loney, J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"89","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia","author":"Lubs, H.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"255","volume":"33","author":"MacLean, M.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities","author":"Mann, V.A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201501013"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200604"},{"key":"atypb51","volume-title":"Diagnosing learning disorders: A neuropsychological framework.","author":"Pennington, B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb52","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia","author":"Richardson, E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"The decoding skills test","author":"Richardson, E.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment of children: A treatment-oriented approach.","author":"Rourke, B.P.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb55","first-page":"27","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia","author":"Shaywitz, B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450080084036"},{"key":"atypb57","unstructured":"Spring, C. & Perry, L. (1986).\n                      Naming speed, articulation speed, and serial recall in poor and adequate readers.\n                      Unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"atypb58","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities","author":"Stanovich, K.E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb00389.x"},{"key":"atypb61","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Memory and learning disabilities: Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities","author":"Torgesen, J.K.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0387-34"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"atypb64","volume-title":"The Wechsler intelligence test for children-Revised.","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"Gray oral reading tests-Revised.","author":"Wiederholt, J.L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747978"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90098-2"},{"key":"atypb68","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia","author":"Wood, F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb69","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests-Revised.","author":"Woodcock, R.W.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb70","first-page":"25","volume-title":"The neuropsychology of learning disorders","author":"Yule, W.","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949302600910","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949302600910","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:11:20Z","timestamp":1777619480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949302600910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949302600910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949302600910","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,11]]}}}