{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:57:04Z","timestamp":1791089824118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]],"date-time":"1994-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":786240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of tests of naming speed in discrete reaction time format were undertaken by seven groups of children: three groups with dyslexia with mean ages 8, 13, and 17 years; three groups of normally achieving children matched for age and IQ with the dyslexic groups; and a group of 10-year-old children with mild learning dificulties (slow learners) matched for reading age with the youngest dyslexic group. The children with dyslexia were significantly slower than even their chronological age-matched controls, and equivalent to their reading age-matched controls, on naming colors, digits, and letters, and significantly slower than even their reading age-matched controls on naming pictures of common objects. Overall, performance of the 17-year-old children with dyslexia was closest to that of the 8-year-old controls. Performance of the slow learners was equivalent to that of the youngest children with dyslexia. The results show that children with dyslexia have persistent-and unexpectedly severe-problems in naming speed for all stimuli, regardless of whether or not the stimulus requires grapheme-phoneme decoding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402701004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"641-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Naming Speed in Children with Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Fawcett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Angela J. Fawcett, PhD, is a research fellow in the Department of Psychology at the University of Shefield. Her major research interest is in the theory, diagnosis, and remediation of dyslexia. She is currently funded by the British Medical Research Council to investigate the cerebellum and dyslexia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roderick I.","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rod Nicolson, PhD, is a senior lecturer in cognitive psychology at the University of Sheffield. In addition to his interest in dyslexia) he has wide research interests in applied and theoretical cognitive science and cognitive neuropsychology, including remediation of human learning, and multimedia applications. These include the COMB tests for the diagnosis of dyslexia and the Selfspell environment for the remediation of dyslexic spelling and reading deficits."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648088"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/748044"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(91)90032-N"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747308400325"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(72)80016-9"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(76)90001-8"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(87)90067-8"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700104"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470215208416600"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90016-8"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"137","volume":"61","author":"Lovegrove, W. J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.811"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"The Cognitive Operation Multimedia Battery (COMB)","author":"Nicolson, R. I.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749408401142"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Working memory and dyslexia","author":"Nicolson, R. I.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354960"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130836"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"283","volume":"33","author":"Perfetti, C. A.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(81)90134-6"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1984.tb01904.x"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130834"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"27","volume-title":"The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia","author":"Shaywitz, B. A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(86)90006-8"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037472","volume":"66","author":"Spring, C.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.73.6.809"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648254"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(90)90005-O"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03334686"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312024001143"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"The teacher's oral book of 30,000 words","author":"Thorndike, E.","year":"1944"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and research","author":"Vellutino, F. R.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-2896(81)90025-8"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02663615"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747978"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130373"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development","author":"Wolf, M."},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(92)90099-Z"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(90)90162-A"},{"key":"atypb44","volume-title":"Report of research group on dyslexia and world illiteracy","author":"World Federation of Neurology.","year":"1968"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949402701004","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949402701004","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:12:27Z","timestamp":1777619547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949402701004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949402701004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949402701004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}