{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:29:32Z","timestamp":1777894172647,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,1]],"date-time":"1995-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":796694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Colored overlays or lenses (e.g., Irlen lenses) have been used in attempts to remediate reading difficulties. The present study included four middle-socioeconomic status (SES) adults and four middle-SES children with reading disabilities as well as an equal number of nondisabled readers of the same age groups and SES. Examined were (a) the relationship of wavelength (lens color) to visual grating performance, (b) the effect of reading disability on performance with each lens-color\/luminosity-grating combination, (c) group performances on a visual detection task with the clear and chromatic lenses, and (d) peripheral retinal brightness thresholds. The spatial frequency of the gratings (and not the lens color) permitted subjects with reading disabilities to be differentiated from the proficient readers. Subjects with reading disabilities displayed significantly lower contrast sensitivity when tested with sine-wave gratings, as well as displaying higher brightness thresholds in the peripheral retina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T02:27:07Z","timestamp":1230085627000},"page":"240-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Contrast Sensitivity Differences Between Proficient and Disabled Readers Using Colored Lenses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Carol S.","family":"Spafford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carol S. Spafford are associate professors in the School of Psychology and Education at American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts. They study and conduct research on the behavioral correlates and characteristics of individuals with dyslexia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George S.","family":"Grosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George S. Grosser are associate professors in the School of Psychology and Education at American International College in Springfield, Massachusetts. They study and conduct research on the behavioral correlates and characteristics of individuals with dyslexia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Donatelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joseph R. Donatelle have an optometric practice with various specialities, including research on visual functioning. Address: Carol S. Spafford, American International College, Box 60, 1000 State St., Springfield, MA 01109-3189."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Squillace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steven R. Squillace have an optometric practice with various specialities, including research on visual functioning. Address: Carol S. Spafford, American International College, Box 60, 1000 State St., Springfield, MA 01109-3189."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon P.","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jon P. Dana have an optometric practice with various specialities, including research on visual functioning. Address: Carol S. Spafford, American International College, Box 60, 1000 State St., Springfield, MA 01109-3189."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Poor readers---What do they really see on the page: A study of a major cause of dyslexia","author":"Adler, L.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1126780"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947000301008"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"135","volume":"13","author":"Betts, E. A.","year":"1934","journal-title":"Education Research Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301007"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105345129302800504"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"10","volume":"19","author":"Cheetham, J. S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Remedial Education"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"363","volume":"61","author":"Christenson, G. N.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700405"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of speech and reading problems","author":"Delacato, C. H.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00965.x"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"206","volume":"11","author":"Evans, B. J. W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Opthalmological Physiological Optician"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.1936.11010030"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Breakthrough for dyslexia and learning disabilities","author":"Ferreri, C. A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10862967709547205"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"1","volume":"25","author":"Fitzgerald, A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Australian Orthoptic Journal"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"841","volume":"41","author":"Flax, N.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700110"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"1","volume":"79","author":"Getman, G. N.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of the California Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1989.tb00503.x"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"17","author":"Gregg, P. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Optician"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199202000-00016"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199305000-00006"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"44","volume":"57","author":"Grisham, J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1989.68.3.683"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1990.71.2.467"},{"key":"atypb27","author":"Grosser, G. S.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6807(198210)19:4<465::AID-PITS2310190409>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"8","volume":"2","author":"Holland, K. C.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Optometry Today"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.1988.tb03751.x"},{"key":"atypb31","author":"Hynd, G. W.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Irlen, H. (1983a, August).\n                      Successful treatment of learning difficulties\n                      . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"The Irlen differential perceptual scale","author":"Irlen, H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Method and apparatus of treatment of symptoms of the Irlen syndrome","author":"Irlen, H. L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Irlen Institute for Perceptual and Learning Development: Brochure for diagnostic and therapy services","author":"Irlen, H. L."},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test-Revised","author":"Jastak, S.","year":"1984","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: Educational principles and practices","author":"Johnson, D. J.","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"The slow learner in the classroom","author":"Kephart, N. C.","year":"1960"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105345127601200201"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Dyslexia and development","author":"Livingstone, M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"137","volume":"61","author":"Lovegrove, W. J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"123","volume":"8","author":"Luckiesh, M.","year":"1938","journal-title":"Sight-Savings Review"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510826"},{"key":"atypb44","first-page":"13","volume":"14","author":"Meares, O.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Visible Language"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1980.47.3f.1028"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4405(85)90038-X"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"10","volume":"20","author":"O'Connor, P. D.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Remedial Education"},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"Reading, writing and speech problems in children: A presentation of certain types of disorders in the development of the language faculty","author":"Orton, S. T.","year":"1937"},{"key":"atypb49","first-page":"171","volume":"1","author":"Podell, S. M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Optometry"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002301005"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0156655870340107"},{"key":"atypb52","first-page":"26","volume":"194","author":"Rosner, J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Optician"},{"key":"atypb53","first-page":"832","volume":"59","author":"Rosner, J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049538808260059"},{"key":"atypb55","first-page":"600","volume":"61","author":"Scheiman, M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198811000-00007"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"578","volume":"58","author":"Simons, H. D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6807(198607)23:3<252::AID-PITS2310230304>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"atypb59","first-page":"585","volume":"62","author":"Solan, H. A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"789","volume":"61","author":"Solan, H. A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199105000-00002"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1940.tb05686.x"},{"key":"atypb63","first-page":"610","volume":"62","author":"Spafford, C. S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949302600305"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1989.tb00503.x"},{"key":"atypb66","first-page":"8","volume":"19","author":"Stanley, G. V.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Remedial Education"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90179-5"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0061242"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1936.10880603"},{"key":"atypb70","first-page":"13","author":"Talan, E.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Newsday"},{"key":"atypb71","volume-title":"DSM-IV draft criteria","author":"Task Force on DSM-IV","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb72","first-page":"14","volume":"199","author":"Taylor, S.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Optician"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076001"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(72)80030-3"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400901"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/152574019401600103"},{"key":"atypb77","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb78","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb79","first-page":"49","volume":"49","author":"Whiting, P. R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the English Teachers Association"},{"key":"atypb80","first-page":"13","volume":"20","author":"Whiting, P. R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Remedial Education"},{"key":"atypb81","first-page":"111","volume":"61","author":"Williams, M. C.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.1988.tb00148.x"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S081651220002561X"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6647.501","volume":"297","author":"Yule, W.","year":"1988","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949502800406","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221949502800406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:12:50Z","timestamp":1777619570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221949502800406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221949502800406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221949502800406","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,4]]}}}