{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:02:58Z","timestamp":1787018578377,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]],"date-time":"1999-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":925516800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Longitudinal data from a 7-year prospective study was examined to investigate whether the presence of learning disabilities (LD) increases a youth's risk of becoming a juvenile delinquent. The sample included 515 students enrolled in the fifth grade in the fall of 1985, 51 (9.9%) of whom were youth with LD. Self-report data on delinquent activity were collected in the spring of 1993. Official court records were obtained for the vears 1985 through 1992. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed using a block of three demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) as predictors in the first step and including LD status in a second step. Seven separate analyses were performed, using different measures of delinquency as criterion variables. In no case did LD status account for a significant portion of unique variance in the delinquency variables when the demographic variables were controlled for. The results of this study did not confirm the presence of a direct relationship between LD and delinquency and suggest that the finding of a direct relationship in other studies may have been due to confounding of the LD status with age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1197593540000},"page":"194-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["LD and Delinquency"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Kimber","family":"Malmgren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. David","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200906"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Chenge in delinquent behavior as a function of learning disabilities: A two-year longitudinal study","author":"Broder, P.K.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Current papulation reports","author":"Bureau of the Census.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Crawford, D. (1996) Review of research on learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency. In S. C. Cramer & W. Ellis (Eds.), Learning disabilities: Lifelong issues (pp. 203-209). Baltimore: Brookes."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"The relationship between learning disabilities and jurenile delinquency: Executive summary","author":"Dunivant, N.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9637-6"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626086001004006"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"American delinquency: Its meaning and construction","author":"Empey, L.T.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb9","author":"Farrington, D.P.","journal-title":"European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01217.x"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Fink, C.M. (1990). Special education students at risk: A comparative study of delinquency. In P. E. Leone (Ed.), Understanding troubled and troubling youth (pp. 61-81). Newbury Park, CA: Sage."},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F., Morrison, D.M., O'Donnell, J., Abbott, R.D. & Day, L.E. (1992). The Seattle Social Development Project: Effects of the first four years on protective factors and problem behaviors. In J. McCord & R. Tremblay (Eds.), The prevention of antisocial behavior in children (pp. 139-161). New York: Guilford ."},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"127","volume":"111","author":"Hinshaw, S.P.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700305"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802100607"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguin. E. & Loeber, R. (1996). Academic performance and delinquency. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 20, pp. 145-264). 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