{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:18:48Z","timestamp":1783120728315,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]],"date-time":"2016-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Injection anaesthesia is commonly used in laboratory mice; however, a disadvantage is that post-anaesthesia recovery phases are long. Here, we investigated the potential for shortening the recovery phase after injection anaesthesia with fentanyl\u2013midazolam\u2013medetomidine by antagonization with naloxone\u2013flumazenil\u2013atipamezole. In order to monitor side-effects, the depth of anaesthesia, heart rate (HR), core body temperature (BT) and concentration of blood gases, as well as reflex responses, were assessed during a 50\u2009min anaesthesia. Mice were allowed to recover from the anaesthesia in their home cages either with or without antagonization, while HR, core BT and spontaneous home cage behaviours were recorded for 24\u2009h. Mice lost righting reflex at 330\u2009\u00b1\u200947\u2009s after intraperitoneal injection of fentanyl\u2013midazolam\u2013medetomidine. During anaesthesia, HR averaged 225\u2009\u00b1\u200923 beats\/min, respiratory rate and core BT reached steady state at 131\u2009\u00b1\u200915 breaths\/min and 34.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25\u2103, respectively. Positive pedal withdrawal reflex, movement triggered by tail pinch and by toe pinch, still occurred in 25%, 31.2% and 100% of animals, respectively. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed acidosis, hypoxia, hypercapnia and a marked increase in glucose concentration. After anaesthesia reversal by injection with naloxone\u2013flumazenil\u2013atipamezole, animals regained consciousness after 110\u2009\u00b1\u200918\u2009s and swiftly returned to physiological baseline values, yet they displayed diminished levels of locomotion and disrupted circadian rhythm. Without antagonization, mice showed marked hypothermia (22\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9\u2103) and bradycardia (119\u2009\u00b1\u200969 beats\/min) for several hours. Fentanyl\u2013midazolam\u2013medetomidine provided reliable anaesthesia in mice with reasonable intra-anaesthetic side-effects. Post-anaesthetic period and related adverse effects were both reduced substantially by antagonization with naloxone\u2013flumazenil\u2013atipamezole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677216631458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T20:08:14Z","timestamp":1455048494000},"page":"264-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Injection anaesthesia with fentanyl\u2013midazolam\u2013medetomidine in adult female mice: importance of antagonization and perioperative care"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Thea","family":"Fleischmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulin","family":"Jirkof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Henke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarete","family":"Arras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Cesarovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.481"},{"key":"bibr2-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.62.173"},{"key":"bibr3-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.14-0039"},{"key":"bibr4-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.07.016"},{"key":"bibr5-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214524877"},{"key":"bibr6-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2004.00632.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0023677216631458","volume-title":"An\u00e4sthesie und Analgesie. 2","author":"Henke J","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr8-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00635.x"},{"key":"bibr9-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0198-3"},{"key":"bibr10-0023677216631458","first-page":"98","volume":"73","author":"Worlein JM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J of Primatol"},{"key":"bibr11-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677213516312"},{"key":"bibr12-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesarovic N, Jirkof P, Rettich A and Arras M. Implantation of radiotelemetry transmitters yielding data on ECG, heart rate, core body temperature and activity in free-moving laboratory mice.\n                      J Vis Exp\n                      2011; (57): e3260.","DOI":"10.3791\/3260-v"},{"key":"bibr13-0023677216631458","first-page":"443","volume":"51","author":"Arras M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr14-0023677216631458","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677214562849"}],"container-title":["Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0023677216631458","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0023677216631458","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0023677216631458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:35:40Z","timestamp":1777620940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0023677216631458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0023677216631458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0023677216631458","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-6772","1758-1117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-6772","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]}}}