{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:07:30Z","timestamp":1792652850642,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue fixation methods are well established for rodents, but not for large animals. We present a simple technique for in situ brain perfusion fixation in a male porcine model, using cervical vessels for inflow and outflow and achieving a closed system. Thirty-four pigs, aged 4.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 months and weighing 60.7\u2009\u00b1\u200910.9\u2009kg, were anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated. The ipsilateral common carotid artery and external jugular vein were dissected and constituted the inflow and outflow access, respectively. The brains were perfused and fixed in situ with heparinised saline followed by buffered formaldehyde. Then, specimens (brain, cerebellum and brainstem) were extracted and processed for histology. Fixative fluid leakage was avoided, achieving a closed system. This technique minimises the exposure to toxic chemicals such as formaldehyde and associated hazards (inherent toxicity, eye irritation), thereby increasing operators\u2019 safety. Perfusion was performed with a peristaltic pump for 20\u201330 minutes at an optimum rate of 0.20\u2009l\/min and required only 5 litres of the fixative. The specimens were sufficiently hardened to be extracted. High-quality tissues were available for histology analysis. This technique offers a user-friendly closed system for brain perfusion fixation which can be adapted for other tissues of the head, face and neck.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217752747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T02:06:56Z","timestamp":1515722816000},"page":"413-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Brain perfusion fixation in male pigs using a safer closed system"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Gracia U.","family":"Musigazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Leuven University Hospitals, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"De Vleeschauwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Centre, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raf","family":"Sciot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Verbeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Leuven University Hospitals, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Depreitere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Leuven University Hospitals, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.3.0455"},{"key":"bibr2-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.128"},{"key":"bibr3-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1449907"},{"key":"bibr4-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(75)90015-4"},{"key":"bibr5-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262330002800115"},{"key":"bibr6-0023677217752747","first-page":"3564","volume":"65","author":"Gage GJ","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bibr7-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(96)90048-X"},{"key":"bibr8-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10451.x"},{"key":"bibr9-0023677217752747","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2009.01.001"},{"key":"bibr10-0023677217752747","unstructured":"Popesko P. 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