{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:42:52Z","timestamp":1777894972368,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]],"date-time":"2018-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545436800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007397","name":"Univerzita Karlova v Praze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRVOUK P37\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRVOUK P37\/10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e0 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15-07268S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-07268S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e0 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15-09518S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-09518S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e0 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-06326S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-06326S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e0 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-07332S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-07332S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e0 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-09869S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-09869S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["15-28064A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-28064A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["15-30782A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-30782A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009553","name":"Czech Health Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17-31248A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-31248A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The world-wide incidence of many immune-mediated and metabolic diseases, including those of the intestines and liver, is steadily increasing. Gut microbiota plays a central role in the pathogenesis of these diseases as it mediates environmental changes to the intestinal immune system. Various environmental factors including diet, food additives and medication also trigger the compositional and functional alterations of microbiota, that is, dysbiosis, and this dysbiosis is closely associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the causal relationship remains unclear for the majority of these diseases. In this review, we discuss essential epidemiological data, known pathogenetic factors including those of genetic and environmental nature, while mainly focusing on the role of gut microbiota in the development of selected intestinal and liver diseases. Using specific examples, we also briefly describe some of the most widely-used animal models including gnotobiotic models and their contribution to the research of pathogenetic mechanisms of the host\u2013microbiota relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677218818605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]],"date-time":"2018-12-22T03:44:37Z","timestamp":1545450277000},"page":"271-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The role of gut microbiota in intestinal and liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-2412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Hrncir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Hrncirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miloslav","family":"Kverka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Tlaskalova-Hogenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.65"},{"key":"bibr2-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3951"},{"key":"bibr3-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2989"},{"key":"bibr4-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104"},{"key":"bibr5-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21986-7"},{"key":"bibr6-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.7"},{"key":"bibr7-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.01.001"},{"key":"bibr8-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069"},{"key":"bibr9-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0415-6"},{"key":"bibr10-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711233114"},{"key":"bibr11-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05922","volume":"4","author":"Ellekilde M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr12-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17727"},{"key":"bibr13-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000392"},{"key":"bibr14-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0"},{"key":"bibr15-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3760"},{"key":"bibr16-0023677218818605","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Sarah C","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vaccines Vaccin"},{"key":"bibr17-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495"},{"key":"bibr18-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132435"},{"key":"bibr19-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005"},{"key":"bibr20-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01500-13"},{"key":"bibr21-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01004-06"},{"key":"bibr22-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-7"},{"key":"bibr23-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12073"},{"key":"bibr24-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000441768"},{"key":"bibr25-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00942.x"},{"key":"bibr26-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00764.x"},{"key":"bibr27-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.281"},{"key":"bibr28-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.001"},{"key":"bibr29-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21606"},{"key":"bibr30-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025417"},{"key":"bibr31-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313235"},{"key":"bibr32-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105"},{"key":"bibr33-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721"},{"key":"bibr34-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181f1e620"},{"key":"bibr35-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.009"},{"key":"bibr36-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12331"},{"key":"bibr37-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107"},{"key":"bibr38-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-013-0270-5"},{"key":"bibr39-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i21.2619"},{"key":"bibr40-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224820"},{"key":"bibr41-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907722106"},{"key":"bibr42-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4499-4509.1999"},{"key":"bibr43-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003363107"},{"key":"bibr44-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.08.004"},{"key":"bibr45-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.017"},{"key":"bibr46-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20221"},{"key":"bibr47-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.32959"},{"key":"bibr48-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.8.3126-3131.1997"},{"key":"bibr49-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04286.x"},{"key":"bibr50-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027961"},{"key":"bibr51-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050041"},{"key":"bibr52-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.10.5733"},{"key":"bibr53-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2277-2285.2001"},{"key":"bibr54-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70362-3"},{"key":"bibr55-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310912"},{"key":"bibr56-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050240"},{"key":"bibr57-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e318281330a"},{"key":"bibr58-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.13"},{"key":"bibr59-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt300"},{"key":"bibr60-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039743"},{"key":"bibr61-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313189"},{"key":"bibr62-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.1.3.12360"},{"key":"bibr63-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0001-8","volume":"6","author":"Lu Y","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr64-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2819"},{"key":"bibr65-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160876"},{"key":"bibr66-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.ESP-0008-2016"},{"key":"bibr67-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305257"},{"key":"bibr68-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.21737"},{"key":"bibr69-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.007"},{"key":"bibr70-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.126516.111"},{"key":"bibr71-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9"},{"key":"bibr72-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.061366"},{"key":"bibr73-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000440991","volume":"67","author":"Sanz Y","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"bibr74-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i42.7505"},{"key":"bibr75-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00869-13"},{"key":"bibr76-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e31828029a9"},{"key":"bibr77-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.04.007"},{"key":"bibr78-0023677218818605","first-page":"22","volume":"63","author":"Amnuaycheewa P","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol"},{"key":"bibr79-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2011.598978"},{"key":"bibr80-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609009127"},{"key":"bibr81-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016169"},{"key":"bibr82-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5595"},{"key":"bibr83-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.07.018"},{"key":"bibr84-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.90"},{"key":"bibr85-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.041"},{"key":"bibr86-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5298"},{"key":"bibr87-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2016.07.005"},{"key":"bibr88-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204265"},{"key":"bibr89-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109"},{"key":"bibr90-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41"},{"key":"bibr91-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491"},{"key":"bibr92-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.04.019"},{"key":"bibr93-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23535"},{"key":"bibr94-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23122"},{"key":"bibr95-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i7.1807"},{"key":"bibr96-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.05.011"},{"key":"bibr97-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26093"},{"key":"bibr98-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0028-x","volume":"7","author":"Xue L","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr99-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05791.x"},{"key":"bibr100-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151829"},{"key":"bibr101-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00380.2011"},{"key":"bibr102-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-40"},{"key":"bibr103-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24423"},{"key":"bibr104-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24018"},{"key":"bibr105-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313432"},{"key":"bibr106-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310585"},{"key":"bibr107-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.11.008"},{"key":"bibr108-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90562"},{"key":"bibr109-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13568"},{"key":"bibr110-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34055"},{"key":"bibr111-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313170"},{"key":"bibr112-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.01.019"},{"key":"bibr113-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi A, Debelius J, Brenner DA, et al. The gut -liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome.\n                      Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol\n                      2018; 15: 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z"},{"key":"bibr114-0023677218818605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mridha AR, Wree A, Robertson AAB, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in experimental NASH in mice.\n                      J Hepatol\n                      2017; 66: 1037\u20131046.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.01.022"}],"container-title":["Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0023677218818605","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0023677218818605","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0023677218818605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:38:34Z","timestamp":1777621114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0023677218818605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0023677218818605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0023677218818605","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-6772","1758-1117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-6772","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,22]]}}}