{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:17:50Z","timestamp":1792091870908,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/S007210\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S007210\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Rodents are the most widely used species for scientific purposes. A critical pre-requisite of their use, based on utilitarian ethical reasoning, is the provision of a humane death when necessary for scientific or welfare grounds. Focussing on the welfare challenges presented by current methods, we critically evaluate the literature, consider emerging methodologies that may have potential for refinement and highlight knowledge gaps for future research. The evidence supports the conclusion that scientists and laboratory personnel should seek to avoid killing laboratory rodents by exposing them to carbon dioxide (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), unless exploiting its high-throughput advantage. We suggest that stakeholders and policymakers should advocate for the removal of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    from existing guidelines, instead making its use conditionally acceptable with justification for additional rationale for its application. With regards to physical methods such as cervical dislocation, decapitation and concussion, major welfare concerns are based on potential inaccuracy in application and their susceptibility to high failure rates. There is a need for independent quality-controlled training programmes to facilitate optimal success rates and the development of specialist tools to improve outcomes and reliability. Furthermore, we highlight questions surrounding the inconsistent inclusion criteria and acceptability of physical methods in international regulation and\/or guidance, demonstrating a lack of cohesion across countries and lack of a comprehensive \u2018gold standard\u2019 methodology. We encourage better review of new data and championing of open access scientific resources to advocate for best practice and enable significant changes to policy and legislation to improve the welfare of laboratory rodents at killing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772221097472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T03:30:30Z","timestamp":1653449430000},"page":"419-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A review of methods used to kill laboratory rodents: issues and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5899-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine M","family":"Clarkson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy E F","family":"McKeegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2008.3.213"},{"key":"bibr2-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Cronin M. Non-animal approaches \u2013 the way forward.\n                      Report on a European Commission Scientific Conference, 6\u20137 December 2016, Brussels,\n                      2019, https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2779\/373944"},{"key":"bibr3-00236772221097472","first-page":"207","volume":"110","author":"Bryda EC.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mo Med"},{"key":"bibr4-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261192919899853"},{"key":"bibr5-00236772221097472","unstructured":"European Commission. Summary Report on the statistics on the use of animals for scientific purposes in the Member States of the European Union and Norway in 2018. Brussels; European Commission, 2021."},{"key":"bibr6-00236772221097472","unstructured":"AVMA. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. Members of the Panel on Euthanasia AVMA Staff Consultants. Schaumburg, IL: AMVA, 2020."},{"key":"bibr7-00236772221097472","unstructured":"ANZCCART. Euthanasia of animals used for scientific purposes Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching. Adelaide: ANZCCART, 2001."},{"key":"bibr8-00236772221097472","unstructured":"CCAC. CCAC guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science. Canadian Council on Animal Care in science. Ottowa: CACC, 2010."},{"key":"bibr9-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Home Office. Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. London: Home Office, 1986."},{"key":"bibr10-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Vi\u0161ak T, Garner R. The ethics of killing animals.  USA:  Oxford University Press; 2016. 252 p."},{"key":"bibr11-00236772221097472","unstructured":"European Commission. Euthanasia of Experimental Animals. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997."},{"key":"bibr12-00236772221097472","first-page":"1","author":"EC","year":"2009","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"bibr13-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6090050"},{"key":"bibr14-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R, et\u00a0al. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. 2020. pp. 82\u201391."},{"key":"bibr15-00236772221097472","first-page":"1","volume":"218","author":"Leary S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr16-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivula CP, Suckow MA. Euthanasia. In: Weichbrod RH, Thompson GA(H), Norton JN (eds)\n                      Management of animal care and use programs in research, education, and testing\n                      . 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis, 2018, pp. 827\u2013840.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315152189-35"},{"key":"bibr17-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani5030380"},{"key":"bibr18-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00625"},{"key":"bibr19-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2019.00025"},{"key":"bibr20-00236772221097472","first-page":"51079","volume":"2013","author":"McCarren HS","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bibr21-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-017-0368-5"},{"key":"bibr22-00236772221097472","first-page":"465","author":"Makowska IJ","year":"2012","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"bibr23-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.08.008"},{"key":"bibr24-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.11.010"},{"key":"bibr25-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.02.004"},{"key":"bibr26-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.12.001"},{"key":"bibr27-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2016.00079"},{"key":"bibr28-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207031"},{"key":"bibr29-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.09.030"},{"key":"bibr30-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114002596"},{"key":"bibr31-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600008745","volume":"27","author":"Pierre LN","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Welf"},{"key":"bibr32-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2007.04.003"},{"key":"bibr33-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00203"},{"key":"bibr34-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.04.038"},{"key":"bibr35-00236772221097472","first-page":"R1127","volume":"275","author":"Franken P","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"bibr36-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02587"},{"key":"bibr37-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195872"},{"key":"bibr38-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210818"},{"key":"bibr39-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.10.018"},{"key":"bibr40-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000166"},{"key":"bibr41-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.1117"},{"key":"bibr42-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367789780810590"},{"key":"bibr43-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367799780578390"},{"key":"bibr44-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Canadian Council on Animal Care. Additional information on effects of euthanasia methods on research results. Addendum to the CCAC guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science, https:\/\/norecopa.no\/3r-guide\/ccac-guidelines-on-euthanasia-of-animals-used-in-science (2010, accessed 02 July, 2020)."},{"key":"bibr45-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464700111404206"},{"key":"bibr46-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.43.1.27"},{"key":"bibr47-00236772221097472","first-page":"695","volume":"50","author":"Hickman DL","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr48-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111270"},{"key":"bibr49-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100915-4.00007-5"},{"key":"bibr50-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gagea-Iurascu M, Craig S. Euthanasia and necropsy. In: Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP (eds)\n                      The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents.\n                      Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012, pp. 117\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380920-9.00004-3"},{"key":"bibr51-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00445"},{"key":"bibr52-00236772221097472","first-page":"570","volume":"126","author":"Gregory NG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"bibr53-00236772221097472","first-page":"352","volume":"51","author":"Carbone L","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr54-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90780-9"},{"key":"bibr55-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(91)90391-N"},{"key":"bibr56-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(92)90004-T"},{"key":"bibr57-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.9.1024"},{"key":"bibr58-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016514"},{"key":"bibr59-00236772221097472","first-page":"570","volume":"57","author":"Cartner SC","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr60-00236772221097472","first-page":"20","volume":"11","author":"Keller G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"bibr61-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200109000-00002"},{"key":"bibr62-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195304000-00001"},{"key":"bibr63-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8030039"},{"key":"bibr64-00236772221097472","first-page":"175","volume":"25","author":"Mikeska JA","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr65-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-200109000-00003"},{"key":"bibr66-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.25.2.227"},{"key":"bibr67-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212872"},{"key":"bibr68-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8010010"},{"key":"bibr69-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(55)90010-9"},{"key":"bibr70-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90039-7"},{"key":"bibr71-00236772221097472","first-page":"20140117","volume":"373","author":"Lee UC","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"bibr72-00236772221097472","first-page":"491","volume":"56","author":"Boivin GP","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr73-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022127"},{"key":"bibr74-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327604JAWS0303_3"},{"key":"bibr75-00236772221097472","first-page":"242","volume":"1","author":"Grandin T.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int J Study Anim Problem"},{"key":"bibr76-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Humane Slaughter Association.\n                      Practical slaughter of poultry\n                      , 2nd ed. Wheathampstead, UK: HSA & CJA, 2013."},{"key":"bibr77-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110911"},{"key":"bibr78-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2017.1401215"},{"key":"bibr79-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/peu038"},{"key":"bibr80-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660120055232"},{"key":"bibr81-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081356"},{"key":"bibr82-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8030042"},{"key":"bibr83-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00089"},{"key":"bibr84-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Hawkins P, Playle L, Golledge H, et\u00a0al. Newcastle consensus meeting on carbon dioxide euthanasia of laboratory animals, https:\/\/www.nc3rs.org.uk\/3rs-resources\/euthanasia (2006, accessed 14 February, 2020)."},{"key":"bibr85-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215618618"},{"key":"bibr86-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0023677053739747"},{"key":"bibr87-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367700780578055"},{"key":"bibr88-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1947.149.1.43"},{"key":"bibr89-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367797780596130"},{"key":"bibr90-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/00236770360563723"},{"key":"bibr91-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.940410"},{"key":"bibr92-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00411"},{"key":"bibr93-00236772221097472","first-page":"376","volume":"47","author":"Danneman PJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr94-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90187-G"},{"key":"bibr95-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.6.2260"},{"key":"bibr96-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90283-Y"},{"key":"bibr97-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(02)00150-2"},{"key":"bibr98-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.26.808"},{"key":"bibr99-00236772221097472","first-page":"572","volume":"52","author":"Leach MC","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr100-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Tsigos C, Kyrou I, Kassi E, et\u00a0al. Stress, endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. In: Feingold KR et\u00a0al. (eds)\n                      Endotext [Internet]\n                      . South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, 2000, 25905226."},{"key":"bibr101-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367795781088289"},{"key":"bibr102-00236772221097472","first-page":"579","volume":"43","author":"Hewett TA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr103-00236772221097472","first-page":"17","volume":"45","author":"Altholtz LY","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr104-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000126953"},{"key":"bibr105-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.002"},{"key":"bibr106-00236772221097472","first-page":"448","volume":"49","author":"Burkholder TH","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr107-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032290"},{"key":"bibr108-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.06.004"},{"key":"bibr109-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.01.012"},{"key":"bibr110-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215808"},{"key":"bibr111-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.1000"},{"key":"bibr112-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2008.03.001"},{"key":"bibr113-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.12.013"},{"key":"bibr114-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.08.002"},{"key":"bibr115-00236772221097472","first-page":"69","volume":"56","author":"Boivin GP","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr116-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2035"},{"key":"bibr117-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c200001"},{"key":"bibr118-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Leary S, Underwood W, Lilly E, et\u00a0al.\n                      AVMA Guidelines for euthanasia of animals: 2013 edition\n                      . Schaumburg, Illinois: American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013."},{"key":"bibr119-00236772221097472","first-page":"451","volume":"55","author":"Boivin GP","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr120-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.669"},{"key":"bibr121-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203793"},{"key":"bibr122-00236772221097472","first-page":"93","volume":"35","author":"Hornett T","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anim Technol"},{"key":"bibr123-00236772221097472","unstructured":"Britt DP. The humaneness of carbon dioxide as an agent of euthanasia for laboratory rodents. In:\n                      Euthanasia of unwanted, injured or diseased animals or for educational or scientific purposes\n                      . Potters Bar: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 1987, pp. 19\u201331."},{"key":"bibr124-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677214546509"},{"key":"bibr125-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.834478"},{"key":"bibr126-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.107.3.59"},{"key":"bibr127-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31688-3"},{"key":"bibr128-00236772221097472","first-page":"2412","volume":"44","author":"Chalifoux A","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr129-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.04.003"},{"key":"bibr130-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677217721260"},{"key":"bibr131-00236772221097472","first-page":"4","volume":"13","author":"Zatroch KK","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr132-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.205953"},{"key":"bibr133-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.003033"},{"key":"bibr134-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-010-9429-7"},{"key":"bibr135-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lester PA, Moore RM, Shuster KA, et\u00a0al. Anesthesia and Analgesia. In: Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP (eds)\n                      The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents.\n                      Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012, pp.\u00a033\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380920-9.00002-X"},{"key":"bibr136-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367707780378140"},{"key":"bibr137-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000094"},{"key":"bibr138-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367780780937454"},{"key":"bibr139-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14288"},{"key":"bibr140-00236772221097472","first-page":"42","volume":"43","author":"Balcombe JP","year":"2004","journal-title":"Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr141-00236772221097472","first-page":"50","volume":"51","author":"Valentine H","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr142-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.04.011"},{"key":"bibr143-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/laban1011-313"},{"key":"bibr144-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.11.010"},{"key":"bibr145-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.12.010"},{"key":"bibr146-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.35.371"},{"key":"bibr147-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1973.tb12135.x"},{"key":"bibr148-00236772221097472","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10645.x"},{"key":"bibr149-00236772221097472","unstructured":"EC (2010) Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and Council. Annex IV, Methods of killing animals."}],"container-title":["Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00236772221097472","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00236772221097472","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00236772221097472","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:41:42Z","timestamp":1777621302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00236772221097472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00236772221097472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00236772221097472","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-6772","1758-1117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-6772","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]}}}