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Research into understanding and treating hearing disabilities has increased significantly in recent years. One of the most relevant animal species in this context is the guinea pig, which has to be deafened to study several of the hearing pathologies and develop novel therapies. Applying kanamycin subcutaneously and furosemide intravenously is a long-established method in hearing research, leading to permanent hearing loss without surgical intervention at the ear. The intravenous application of furosemide requires invasive surgery in the cervical area of the animals to expose the jugular vein, since a relatively large volume (1 ml per 500 g body weight) must be injected over a period of about 2.5\u2009min. We have established a gentler alternative by applying the furosemide by puncture of the leg veins. For this, custom-made cannula-needle devices were built to allow the vein puncture and subsequent slow injection of the furosemide. This approach was tested in 11 guinea pigs through the foreleg via the cephalic antebrachial vein and through the hind leg via the saphenous vein. Frequency-specific hearing thresholds were measured before and after the procedure to verify normal hearing and successful deafening, respectively. The novel approach of systemic deafening was successfully implemented in 10 out of 11 animals. The Vena saphena was best suited to the application. Since the animals\u2019 condition, post leg vein application, was better in comparison to animals deafened by exposure of the Vena jugularis, the postulated refinement that reduced animal stress was deemed successful.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772231167679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T03:50:26Z","timestamp":1681789826000},"page":"631-641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Refinement of systemic guinea pig deafening in hearing research: Sensorineural hearing loss induced by co-administration of kanamycin and furosemide via the leg veins"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiebke","family":"Behrends","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 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