{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:45:17Z","timestamp":1777895117571,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000733","name":"Universities Federation for Animal Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["34-19\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["34-19\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rats are a commonly used animal model for the study of the pathogenesis and novel treatments of glaucoma, which is induced experimentally using invasive, painful procedures. Peribulbar anaesthesia (PBA) is frequently used in people and domestic animals prior to ophthalmic surgeries to provide excellent perioperative analgesia. Our goal was to develop a PBA technique adapted to rat anatomy, improving the welfare of animals used as a model for glaucoma. Eighteen rat cadavers ( n\u2009=\u200936 eyes) were used to establish the optimal needle insertion location. Five injection techniques using 0.1\u2009mL\/100\u2009g lidocaine 2% and a contrast agent (1:1 volume ratio) were compared via computed tomography (CT). CT images were scored for injectate distribution at four locations: extraconal, intraconal, around the optic nerve and at the orbital fissure (scale 0\u20138, where 0\u2009=\u2009none and 8\u2009=\u2009excellent). Median scores using the dorso-medial-75\u00b0 (5; range 2\u20136) and medial-canthus (4.5; range 2\u20138) injection techniques were not different from the dorso-medial-45\u00b0 (4; range 3\u20136) technique and were higher (better distribution) compared with mid-ventral (3; range 2\u20135) and ventro-lateral (2; range 1\u20133) techniques. The two superior techniques were used in two experimental rats ( n\u2009=\u20094 eyes) to determine the volume of bupivacaine 0.5% necessary to affect corneal touch threshold (CTT) and periocular skin sensitivity (PSS). A volume of 0.05\u2009mL\/100\u2009g decreased CTT and PSS for several hours, while a larger volume produced excessively long effects. Dorso-medial-75\u00b0 or medial-canthus PBA using 0.05\u2009mL\/100\u2009g bupivacaine are likely to provide ocular and periocular analgesia in rats, with minor transient adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772231178433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T11:27:46Z","timestamp":1695209266000},"page":"116-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Improving rat welfare through the development of a peribulbar anaesthesia technique for ophthalmic procedures: A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ady","family":"Eliav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Authority for Biological and Biomedical Models, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3825-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Ofri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey","family":"Brust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yishai","family":"Kushnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-1070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Shilo-Benjamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224"},{"key":"bibr2-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.04.007"},{"key":"bibr3-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/692609"},{"key":"bibr4-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010098"},{"key":"bibr5-00236772231178433","first-page":"98","volume":"18","author":"Yan F","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"bibr6-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.2.174"},{"key":"bibr7-00236772231178433","first-page":"328","volume":"54","author":"Wilding LA","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr8-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114838"},{"key":"bibr9-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.01.006"},{"key":"bibr10-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2016.11.006"},{"key":"bibr11-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.108552"},{"key":"bibr12-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.10.004"},{"key":"bibr13-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.12.1029"},{"key":"bibr14-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12579"},{"key":"bibr15-00236772231178433","unstructured":"Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R, et\u00a0al. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition, https:\/\/www.avma.org\/resources-tools\/avma-policies\/avma-guidelines-euthanasia-animals (2020, accessed 25 August 2022)."},{"key":"bibr16-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000084"},{"key":"bibr17-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12060"},{"key":"bibr18-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.02.009"},{"key":"bibr19-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181f7a78e"},{"key":"bibr20-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0023677011911499"},{"key":"bibr21-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01020.x"},{"key":"bibr22-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12286.1"},{"key":"bibr23-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15572062"},{"key":"bibr24-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-19-000048"},{"key":"bibr25-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2021.04.006"},{"key":"bibr26-00236772231178433","first-page":"37","volume":"71","author":"Shilo-Benjamini Y","year":"2016","journal-title":"Isr J Vet Med"},{"key":"bibr27-00236772231178433","first-page":"3415","volume":"41","author":"Jia L","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"bibr28-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.2.220"},{"key":"bibr29-00236772231178433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1985.01050090125046"},{"key":"bibr30-00236772231178433","first-page":"1643","volume":"30","author":"Okland S","year":"1989","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00236772231178433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00236772231178433","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00236772231178433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:43:03Z","timestamp":1777621383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00236772231178433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00236772231178433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00236772231178433","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-6772","1758-1117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-6772","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}