{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:20:07Z","timestamp":1793722807985,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI154943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI154943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Oral gavage is a widely used method to infect mice with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), the most common animal model of infection.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are worldwide distributed, gastrointestinal parasites that mainly cause diarrhea in humans and neonatal ruminants.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CP<\/jats:italic>\n                    is transmitted via the fecal\u2013oral route, usually through contaminated water. In rodent models of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, oral gavage is used as the route of infection. This method, while effective, induces a generalized stress response and requires specific skills and experience. Our aim was to replace oral gavage by a refined method using a mixture palatable to mice, where oocysts could be mixed in. A peanut butter gelatin mix (PBG) containing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CP<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts was developed and used for voluntary oral infection of mice. We were able to confirm\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CP<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in young interferon-gamma knock out mice by detecting oocyst shedding in feces, demonstrating that the PBG method successfully produced infections similar to those obtain through oral gavage, and could be used for other pathogens or as a method to deliver experimental therapeutics or other substances.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772251318406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T15:42:31Z","timestamp":1744386151000},"page":"593-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A new method to replace oral gavage for the study of\n                    <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n                    infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda G","family":"Fumuso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E","family":"Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta M","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"805","article-title":"Evaluation of mice undergoing serial oral gavage while awake or anesthetized","volume":"55","author":"Jones CP","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jones CP, Boyd Kelli L, Wallace JM. Evaluation of mice undergoing serial oral gavage while awake or anesthetized. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2016; 55: 805\u2013810.","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677220950782"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2014.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L. Method for voluntary oral administration of drugs in mice. STAR Protoc. 2021; 2: 100330.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100330"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"100330","article-title":"Alternative method of oral dosing for rats","volume":"5","author":"Atcha Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atcha Z, Rourke C, Goh CW, et al. Alternative method of oral dosing for rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2021; 5(1): 100330.","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41684-021-00723-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0447-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perryman LE Kapil SJ Jones ML et al. Protection of calves against cryptosporidiosis with immune bovine colostrum induced by a Cryptosporidium parvum recombinant protein. 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Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1998; 2: 101\u2013107.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol (Praha)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Methods in molecular biology","author":"Riggs MW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riggs MW, Schaefer DA. Calf clinical model of cryptosporidiosis for efficacy evaluation of therapeutics. In: Mead JR, Arrowood MJ (eds) Methods in molecular biology. New York: Humana Press Inc., 2020, pp. 253\u2013282."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00638-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002367706778476370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulin JEN Bisio M Garc\u00eda-Bournissen F. Refining drug administration in a murine model of acute infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. 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