{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:31:59Z","timestamp":1782275519672,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In this study we aimed to determine the optimal epidural dose and concentration of diphenhydramine (DPH) for prolonged analgesia while preserving motor function, comparing its effects with lidocaine. A single-blind, randomized\u2013controlled trial was conducted with 32 healthy rabbits assigned to two experiments (2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009kg). Experiment 1 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925) assessed optimal DPH doses (4, 8, 12, 18, 24\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), while Experiment 2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200915) compared DPH concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) at 12\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Antinociceptive effects were measured using pinprick tests on the perineal and digital areas, and motor blockade was evaluated using a modified 4-point grading system for limb paralysis. The results showed that epidural administration of 10% DPH at 12\u2009mg\u2009kg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    provided profound analgesia, with hindlimb analgesia lasting 201\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009min and motor blockade persisting for 157.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4\u2009min. In contrast, 5% DPH resulted in 96\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u2009min of analgesia and 5.2\u2009\u00b1\u20092.2\u2009min of motor block. Lidocaine failed to provide effective digital analgesia. No significant difference was observed between 10% and 15% DPH in analgesic and motor effects. The motor blockade duration was consistently shorter than the antinociceptive effect. DPH demonstrated superior potency, and a prolonged, sensory-selective epidural block compared with lidocaine, minimizing motor blockade and the risk of akinesia-like analgesia. DPH (preferably &gt;5%) offered effective and safe analgesia, making it a promising option for hindlimb analgesia in rabbits, reducing animal suffering and providing better outcomes than lidocaine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772251351102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:56:17Z","timestamp":1756428977000},"page":"676-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antinociceptive and motor-blocking effects of epidurally administered diphenhydramine at different concentrations in conscious rabbits: a randomized\u2013controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Navid","family":"Ziaei-Darounkolaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1valos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, FESC, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Vahedian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Molecular Oncology\/Cancer Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute Biotechnology (FMB-IBTEC), Sao Paulo State University, (UNESP) Sao Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Soleimannejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internist, Cardiologist, Interventionist, Imam Khomeini medical hospital, Amol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Kaveh-Aski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Keyhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahador","family":"Barari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-06651-1.50073-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892276"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000094300.36689.ad"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30482-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei221"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138945009788982441"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rapm.2003.50014"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2001.00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(85)90252-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.70.4.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_12_2","first-page":"495","article-title":"Histamine as an immunomodulator","volume":"8","author":"B\u00e4umer W","year":"2010","unstructured":"B\u00e4umer W, Ro\u00dfbach K. 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