{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T12:06:42Z","timestamp":1784376402945,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lab Anim"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The chytrid fungus\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BD) poses a serious threat to amphibian species worldwide. BD infects keratinocytes of the skin and interferes with their physiological barrier function. The African clawed frog\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a species with low susceptibility to BD. Nevertheless, any infection presents a challenge to the immune system and, when combined with other stressors, carries the risk of overwhelming the body\u2019s defense. Infected animals may show greater variability in their scientific output than uninfected animals. This, in turn, means that more animals have to be used, which is not in line with the 3Rs principle. Moreover, releasing the fungus into the wastewater system should clearly be avoided to prevent infection of wild amphibians. Following confirmation of BD infection in the animals by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), we decided to eradicate the fungus due to the reasons outlined above. This project involved not only the treatment of our frogs but also the timely coordinated disinfection of our entire permanently installed aquarium system. Itraconazole was applied as an immersion bath for the frogs and heat was used to disinfect the aquarium system. In this report, we outline our complex approach to a logistically demanding, labor-intensive project involving a large team of staff. We emphasize the need for straightforward planning, good communication and reporting on unexpected aspects and findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00236772261462356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:29:08Z","timestamp":1784190548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term eradication of the chytrid fungus\n                    <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis<\/i>\n                    from a large\n                    <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i>\n                    husbandry"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8152-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Teichmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Animal Facility, Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5616-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Kimmina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Animal Facility, Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Veterinary Medicines. Veterinary medicine information website: Medicine search for the target species \u201cfrog\u201d https:\/\/medicines.health.europa.eu\/veterinary\/de\/search-medicines?f%5B0%5D=product_status%3Aauthorised&f%5B1%5D=target_species%3A9917 (2022 accessed 5 July 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-007-0093-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2016.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"51166","article-title":"Reduced itraconazole concentration and durations are successful in treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in amphibians","volume":"85","author":"Brannelly LA.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brannelly LA. Reduced itraconazole concentration and durations are successful in treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in amphibians. J Vis Exp 2014; 85: 51166.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","article-title":"Successful treatment of chytridiomycosis","volume":"46","author":"Nichols DK","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nichols DK, Lamirande EW. Successful treatment of chytridiomycosis. FrogLog 2001; 46: 1.","journal-title":"FrogLog"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02313-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02941-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11137.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1999.12061011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao057255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07582-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.030145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.573106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","volume-title":"Guidance on the housing and care of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis","author":"Reed BT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reed BT. Guidance on the housing and care of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Horsham, UK: RSPCA, 2005."}],"container-title":["Laboratory Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00236772261462356","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00236772261462356","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00236772261462356","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T11:54:31Z","timestamp":1784375671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00236772261462356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00236772261462356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00236772261462356","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-6772","1758-1117"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-6772","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1117","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"article-number":"00236772261462356"}}