{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:14:08Z","timestamp":1792088048349,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662249600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lang Speech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A recurring finding of research on the L2 acquisition of coda obstruent voicing is that, in terms of the phonetic parameters that serve to realize the voicing contrast, learners are overwhelmingly more accurate with duration than the voicing of the obstruent itself. The current work expands our understanding of this asymmetry in two ways. First, as previous studies have focused almost exclusively on learners of English, we investigate here whether L2 learners\u2019 superior production of duration is also found among learners of other target languages via a study of Mandarin-speaking learners\u2019 production of French stop and fricative codas. Results from 18 Mandarin-speaking learners of French, primarily of beginner and intermediate proficiency who completed a sentence reading task, parallel those of previous studies with greater accuracy observed for vowel duration than the laryngeal voicing of the obstruent. Second, we explore potential sources of this asymmetry, in particular, the roles of L1 experience as well as of universal factors, namely, the relative perceptual salience of duration versus voicing, and the articulatory difficulty of voicing obstruents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309221114143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T02:14:53Z","timestamp":1662344093000},"page":"625-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Relative Difficulty in the Acquisition of the Phonetic Parameters of Obstruent Coda Voicing: Evidence from Mandarin-Speaking Learners of French"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-5950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Patience","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672890999006X"},{"key":"bibr2-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"bibr3-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"bibr4-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2011.08.006"},{"key":"bibr5-00238309221114143","unstructured":"Boersma P., Weenink D. (2019). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program] (Version 6.0.52). http:\/\/www.praat.org\/"},{"key":"bibr6-00238309221114143","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research","author":"Bohn O.-S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr7-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/opli-2020-0042"},{"key":"bibr8-00238309221114143","first-page":"97","volume":"83","author":"Byrd D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics"},{"key":"bibr9-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100308003460"},{"key":"bibr10-00238309221114143","volume-title":"Fundamental problems in phonetics","author":"Catford J. C.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr11-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000259312"},{"key":"bibr12-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2009-298"},{"key":"bibr13-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2008.06.003"},{"key":"bibr14-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022226700001444"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr15-00238309221114143","volume":"131","author":"Chl\u00e1dkov\u00e1 K.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"bibr16-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263107070258"},{"key":"bibr17-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716408080223"},{"key":"bibr18-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403996"},{"key":"bibr19-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757024.ch11"},{"key":"bibr20-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2015.09.003"},{"key":"bibr21-00238309221114143","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Salience in second language acquisition","author":"Dekeyser R.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr22-00238309221114143","volume-title":"Comparing the phonetic features of English, French, German and Spanish: An interim report","author":"Delattre P.","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr23-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1908020"},{"key":"bibr24-00238309221114143","first-page":"3646","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th international congress of phonetic sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019","author":"Ding H.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr25-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110872637"},{"key":"bibr26-00238309221114143","unstructured":"Domene Moreno C. (2021). Beyond transfer? The acquisition of an L3 phonology by Turkish-German bilinguals [Doctoral dissertation]. University of W\u00fcrzburg."},{"key":"bibr27-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199215782.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr28-00238309221114143","unstructured":"Eager C. (2015). Automated voicing analysis in Praat: Statistically equivalent to manual segmentation. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (Ed.), Proceedings of the 18th international congress of phonetic sciences. University of Glasgow. https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS2015\/Papers\/ICPHS0083.pdf"},{"key":"bibr29-00238309221114143","unstructured":"Escudero P. (2005). Linguistic perception and second-language acquisition: Explaining the attainment of optimal phonological categorization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Utrecht University."},{"key":"bibr30-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399702"},{"key":"bibr31-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397179"},{"key":"bibr32-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.398599"},{"key":"bibr33-00238309221114143","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research","author":"Flege J. E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr34-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395444"},{"key":"bibr35-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.404278"},{"key":"bibr36-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098102400202"},{"key":"bibr37-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212164"},{"key":"bibr38-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.28.2.349"},{"key":"bibr39-00238309221114143","volume-title":"Salience in second language acquisition","author":"Gass S. M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr40-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9922.00147"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr41-00238309221114143","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Gordon M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Linguistics Vanguard"},{"key":"bibr42-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3366\/edinburgh\/9780748635115.003.0004"},{"key":"bibr43-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2188377"},{"key":"bibr44-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906982"},{"key":"bibr45-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380986"},{"key":"bibr46-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30480-2"},{"key":"bibr47-00238309221114143","first-page":"117","volume":"10","author":"Kohler K. J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arbeitsberichte Institut f\u00fcr Phonetik und digitale Sprachverarbeitung Universit\u00e4t Kiel"},{"key":"bibr48-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2346009"},{"key":"bibr49-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"bibr50-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000262194"},{"key":"bibr51-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000262190"},{"key":"bibr52-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01058"},{"key":"bibr53-00238309221114143","unstructured":"Lenth R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, Aka least-squares means (R package version 146). https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"bibr54-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/410949"},{"key":"bibr55-00238309221114143","volume-title":"Rabid vs. rapid. A catalogue of acoustic features that may cue the distinction","author":"Lisker C.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr56-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14790710902972255"},{"key":"bibr57-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387344"},{"key":"bibr58-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9922.2008.00448.x"},{"key":"bibr59-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8202-7_9"},{"key":"bibr60-00238309221114143","unstructured":"Patience M. (2022). Articulatory difficulty in L2 Spanish [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Toronto."},{"key":"bibr61-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.385347"},{"key":"bibr62-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204273"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr63-00238309221114143","first-page":"1296","volume":"51","author":"Raphael L. J.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"bibr64-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2015.07.003"},{"key":"bibr65-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01110"},{"key":"bibr66-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100300004576"},{"key":"bibr67-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099303600404"},{"key":"bibr68-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429318405-2"},{"key":"bibr69-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2009.03.001"},{"key":"bibr70-00238309221114143","volume-title":"The Cambridge handbook of bilingual phonetics","author":"Steele J."},{"key":"bibr71-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2010.09.001"},{"key":"bibr72-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418114"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr73-00238309221114143","first-page":"35","volume":"27","author":"Wang S. H.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Concentric: Studies in Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr74-00238309221114143","first-page":"331","volume":"21","author":"Wang T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language and Linguistics"},{"key":"bibr75-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111594729"},{"key":"bibr76-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31162-3"},{"key":"bibr77-00238309221114143","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th North American conference on Chinese linguistics","author":"Yang C.","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr78-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1515\/iral.1997.35.2.115","volume":"35","author":"Yavas M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching"},{"key":"bibr79-00238309221114143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129572"},{"key":"bibr80-00238309221114143","first-page":"1624","volume":"2020","author":"Zeng Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of Interspeech"}],"container-title":["Language and Speech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00238309221114143","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00238309221114143","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00238309221114143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:54:11Z","timestamp":1777622051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00238309221114143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00238309221114143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00238309221114143","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-8309","1756-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-8309","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]]}}}