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Although the most common phonetic variant of \/r\/ contained two lingual constrictions, we find substantial inter-speaker variation in our data, ranging from zero to five lingual contacts. The results demonstrate that the variation in Spanish results from a systematic interaction of factors, deriving from well-documented processes of consonantal lenition (e.g., weakening in unstressed syllables) in addition to processes inherent to the trill\u2019s articulation (e.g., high-vowel antagonism). Importantly, speaker sex displayed the strongest effect among all the predictors, which leads us to consider the role of sociolinguistic factors, in addition to possible biomechanical differences, on \/r\/ production. We contextualize the findings within a literature that theorizes rhotic consonants as a single class of sounds despite remarkable patterns of cross-language and speaker-specific variation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309221137326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T06:25:09Z","timestamp":1672122309000},"page":"896-934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sociophonetic Investigation of the Spanish Alveolar Trill \/r\/ in Two Canonical-Trill Varieties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8187-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Henriksen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayna","family":"Greenley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8799-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Galvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Berkeley, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/152574019301500202"},{"key":"bibr2-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46538\/hlj.13.2.2"},{"key":"bibr3-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315115443"},{"key":"bibr4-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319867666"},{"key":"bibr5-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381848"},{"key":"bibr6-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/8267.4485"},{"key":"bibr7-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"bibr8-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025100300005405"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr9-00238309221137326","first-page":"74","volume":"2","author":"Bates D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"R Package Version"},{"key":"bibr10-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022226708005331"},{"key":"bibr11-00238309221137326","author":"Blecua B.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Las vibrantes del espa\u00f1ol: manifestaciones ac\u00fasticas y procesos fon\u00e9ticos"},{"key":"bibr12-00238309221137326","author":"Boersma P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Praat: Doing phonetics by computer"},{"key":"bibr13-00238309221137326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSLP.1996.607921"},{"key":"bibr14-00238309221137326","first-page":"43","volume":"21","author":"Bradley T. 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