{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:35:41Z","timestamp":1783434941279,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Finland","award":["342627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["342627"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lang Speech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous investigations have shown various interactions between spatial concepts and speech sounds. For instance, the front-high vowel [i] is associated with the concept of forward, and the back-high vowel [o] is associated with the concept of backward. Three experiments investigated whether the concepts of forward\/front and backward\/back are associated with high- and low-pitched vocalizations, respectively, in Finnish. In Experiments 1 and 2, the participants associated the high-pitched vocalization with the forward-directed movement and the low-pitched vocalizations with the backward-directed movement. In Experiment 3, the same effect was observed in relation to the concepts of front of and back of. We propose that these observations present a novel sound-space symbolism phenomenon in which spatial concepts of forward\/front and backward\/back are iconically associated with high- and low-pitched speech sounds. This observation is discussed in relation to the grounding of semantic knowledge of these spatial concepts in the movements of articulators such as relative front\/back-directed movements of the tongue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309231214176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T07:08:41Z","timestamp":1701846521000},"page":"1001-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Front Is High and Back Is Low: Sound-Space Iconicity in Finnish"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7754-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lari","family":"Vainio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perception, Action & Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Phonetics and Speech Synthesis Research Group, Department of Digital Humanities, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Kilpel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perception, Action & Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Wikstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phonetics and Speech Synthesis Research Group, Department of Digital Humanities, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martti","family":"Vainio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phonetics and Speech Synthesis Research Group, Department of Digital Humanities, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639"},{"key":"bibr2-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208371"},{"key":"bibr3-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030524"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr4-00238309231214176","first-page":"341","volume":"5","author":"Boersma P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glot International"},{"key":"bibr5-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0134"},{"key":"bibr6-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.10"},{"key":"bibr7-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.013"},{"key":"bibr8-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2016.0024"},{"key":"bibr9-00238309231214176","volume-title":"Acoustic theory of speech production","author":"Fant G.","year":"1960"},{"key":"bibr10-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"bibr11-00238309231214176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193720"},{"key":"bibr12-00238309231214176","volume-title":"Iconicity in expressives: An empirical investigation. 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