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One male and one female speaker recorded sets of static midsagittal MRIs of the whole vocal tract, producing vowels as well as consonants in various vowel contexts in either the male\u2019s two or the female\u2019s three languages. Both speakers were native speakers of English (American and Australian English, respectively), and both were fluent L2 speakers of French. In addition, the female speaker was a heritage speaker of Croatian. Articulatory contours extracted from the MRIs were subsequently used at three progressively more compact and abstract levels of analysis. (1) Direct comparison of overlaid contours was used to assess whether phones analogous across L1 and L2 are similar or dissimilar, both overall and in specific vocal tract regions. (2) Consonant contour variability along the vocal tract due to vowel context was determined using dispersion ellipses and used to explore the variable resistance to coarticulation for non-analogous rhotics and analogous laterals in Australian, French, and Croatian. (3) Articulatory modeling was used to focus on specific articulatory gestures (tongue position and shape, lip protrusion, laryngeal height, etc.) and then to explore the articulatory strategies in the speakers\u2019 interlanguages for production of the French front rounded vowel series. This revealed that the Australian and American speakers used different strategies to produce the non-analogous French vowel series. We conclude that MRI-based articulatory data constitute a very rich and underused source of information that amply deserves applications to the study of L2 articulation and bilingual and multi-lingual speech.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309231224790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T02:52:45Z","timestamp":1714359165000},"page":"731-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bilinguals from Larynx to Lips: Exploring Bilingual Articulatory Strategies with Anatomic MRI Data"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7440-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Badin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, GIPSA-lab, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4694-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Sawallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New College, The University of Alabama, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Tabain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Linguistics, La Trobe University, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Lamalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes and CHU de Grenoble, Inserm US 17, CNRS UMS 3552, UMS IRMaGe, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_1_3_3_2_2_1","article-title":"Analyzing speech in both time and space: Generalized additive mixed models can uncover systematic patterns of variation in vocal tract shape in real-time MRI. 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