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This study investigates the production of English rhotic sounds by Mandarin\u2013English bilinguals with two English proficiency levels. The production of the English \/\u0279\/ by 17 Mandarin\u2013English bilinguals was examined with ultrasound imaging and compared with the production of native English speakers. The ultrasound data show that bilinguals can produce native-like bunched and retroflex gestures, but the distributional pattern of tongue shapes in various contexts differs from that of native speakers. Acoustically, the English \/\u0279\/ produced by bilinguals had a higher F3 and F3\u2013F2, as well as some frication noise in prevocalic \/\u0279\/, features similar to the Mandarin \/\u0279\/. Mandarin\u2013English bilinguals did produce language-specific phonetic realizations for the English and Mandarin \/\u0279\/s. There was a positive correlation between language proficiency and English-specific characteristics of \/\u0279\/ by Mandarin\u2013English bilinguals in both articulation and acoustics. Phonetic similarities facilitated rather than hindered L2 speech learning in production: Mandarin\u2013English bilinguals showed better performance in producing the English \/\u0279\/ allophones that were more similar to the Mandarin \/\u0279\/ (syllabic and postvocalic \/\u0279\/s) than producing the English \/\u0279\/ allophone that was less similar to the Mandarin \/\u0279\/ (prevocalic \/\u0279\/). This study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of speech production in late bilinguals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309241230895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:57:56Z","timestamp":1710118676000},"page":"794-831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Production of the English \/\u0279\/ by Mandarin\u2013English Bilingual Speakers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3974-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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