{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:03:10Z","timestamp":1787018590878,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lang Speech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A well-known property of vowel duration is that it tends to be mediated by vowel height: higher vowels are usually shorter than lower vowels (aka \u201cintrinsic vowel duration\u201d). Results from previous work on a limited number of languages suggest two possible scenarios: (A) vowel duration is entirely driven by the duration of the gesture necessary to reach the tongue height target of the specific vowel, (B) vowel duration targets are part of the cognitive representation of the vowel. However, a third scenario has been put forward theoretically: (C) the duration of the vocalic gesture partially determines vowel duration, but a vowel duration target for each vowel category is also necessary. This study set out to investigate vowel duration data from Northern Italian to assess which of the three scenarios finds support. The first formant frequency (F1) of vowels was used as a proxy for tongue height position, and directed acyclic graph theory was employed to determine the causal relationship between vowel duration, vowel category, and F1. Bayesian modeling results suggest a robust non-linear effect of F1 on vowel duration, together with a direct effect of vowel category, which matches scenario (C).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309251399657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:39:14Z","timestamp":1767353954000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is \u201cIntrinsic Vowel Duration\u201d Bio-Mechanical or More? Preliminary Results from Northwestern Italian"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9627-5532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Coretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linguistics and English Language, The University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/lingvan-2020-0051"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez-Otero R. (2010). Morphologically conditioned phonetics? Not proven. On linguistic interfaces II Belfast 2. http:\/\/www.bermudez-otero.com\/Belfast_handout.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","first-page":"374","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of historical phonology","author":"Berm\u00fadez-Otero R.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez-Otero R. (2015). Amphichronic explanation and the life cycle of phonological processes. In Honeybone P., Salmons J. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of historical phonology (pp. 374\u2013399). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315675428-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"SPPAS Multi-lingual approaches to the automatic annotation of speech","volume":"54","author":"Bigi B.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bigi B. (2015). SPPAS Multi-lingual approaches to the automatic annotation of speech. The Phonetician, 54, 111\u2013112.","journal-title":"The Phonetician"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","unstructured":"Boersma P. Weenink D. (2018). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [computer program] (Version 6.0.40). https:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261913"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1463448"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7146\/aripuc.v14i.131738"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0002925"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassidy S. A. Dimova R. Gigu\u00e8re B. Spence J. R. Stanley D. J. (2019). Failing grade: 89 per-cent of introduction to psychology textbooks that define\/explain statistical significance do so incorrectly. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2(3) 233\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919858072"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","unstructured":"Chl\u00e1dkov\u00e1 K. Boersma P. Benders T. (2015). The perceptual basis of the feature vowel height. In. International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 2015 1\u20135. https:\/\/www.internationalphoneticassociation.org\/icphs-proceedings\/ICPhS2015\/Papers\/ICPHS0711.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","volume-title":"tidygam: Tidy prediction and plotting of generalised additive models","author":"Coretta S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coretta S. (2023). tidygam: Tidy prediction and plotting of generalised additive models (R package version 0.2.0). R Core Team."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613504966"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1317-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618569114"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14926156.2014.874615"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)31446-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1511\/2014.111.460"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socec.2004.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918771329"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986311.n21"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","first-page":"210","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of language production","author":"Goldstein L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein L., Pouplier M. (2014). The temporal organization of speech. In Ferreira V., Goldrick M., Miozzo M. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language production (pp. 210\u2013227). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.38.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4470(19)30608-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1221-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","volume-title":"The sounds of the world\u2019s languages","author":"Ladefoged P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ladefoged P., Maddieson I. (1996). The sounds of the world\u2019s languages. Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2017216"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912750"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","volume-title":"Principles of phonetic segmentation","author":"Macha\u010d P.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Macha\u010d P., Skarnitzl R. (2009). Principles of phonetic segmentation. Epocha."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107286184"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","volume-title":"Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan","author":"McElreath R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"McElreath R. (2019). Statistical rethinking: A Bayesian course with examples in R and Stan. CRC Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429029608"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4800514"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691612465253"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","article-title":"Generating stimuli for neuroscience using PsychoPy","volume":"2","author":"Peirce J. W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peirce J. W. (2009). Generating stimuli for neuroscience using PsychoPy. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 2, Article 10.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00223"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/labphon.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2295"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620966795"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/515009a"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919869583"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/414843"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/201010581001900316"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauberer J. Evanini K. (2009). Intrinsic vowel duration and the post-vocalic voicing effect: some evidence from dialects of North American English. In Proceedings of Interspeech. https:\/\/www.isca-archive.org\/interspeech_2009\/tauberer09_interspeech.pdf","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2009-629"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd West Coast conference on formal linguistics","author":"Toivonen I.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toivonen I., Blumenfeld L., Gormley A., Hoiting L., Logan J., Ramlakhan N., Stone A. (2015). Vowel height and duration. In Steindl U., Borer T., Fang H., Pardo A. G., Guekguezian P., Hsu B., O\u2019Hara C., Ouyang I. C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd West Coast conference on formal linguistics (Vol. 32, pp. 64\u201371). Cascadilla Proceedings Project."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.410723"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198795421.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4778168"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5014434"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","article-title":"The generalizability crisis","volume":"45","author":"Yarkoni T.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yarkoni T. (2022). The generalizability crisis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45, Article e1.","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"}],"container-title":["Language and Speech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00238309251399657","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00238309251399657","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00238309251399657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:56:22Z","timestamp":1777622182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00238309251399657"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00238309251399657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00238309251399657","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-8309","1756-6053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-8309","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-6053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"article-number":"00238309251399657"}}