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The study employed Bayesian mixed-effects models to analyze participants\u2019 vowel identification accuracy using a perception oddity task and vowel production (intelligibility) accuracy using listener-based ratings at 1, 3, 6, and 18\u2009months after arrival. The sudden shift to online instruction due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which occurred between Months 6 and 18, and the subsequent return of some participants to their home countries added an additional layer of complexity to the investigation. The findings revealed that the participants demonstrated high initial accuracy in identifying L2 vowels, with improvement observed for most contrasts over the first 6 months. Vowel intelligibility, in contrast, did not improve much, with only one contrast showing increased accuracy at the last data point. Individual trajectories showed variability in both perception and production, emphasizing the unique change trajectories of advanced-proficiency learners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309261470734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:58:58Z","timestamp":1786600738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tracking L2 English Vowel Perception and Production Among Graduate Professionals Over 18 Months"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5360-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inyoung","family":"Na","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2712-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlie","family":"Nagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spanish and Portuguese, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1569-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Duris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7405-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Levis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4191-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebnem","family":"Kurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8590-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahamsson N. 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