{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:41:09Z","timestamp":1792654869974,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lang Speech"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the contact-induced grammaticalization of the Turkish existential mouthing \/var\/ (\u201cthere is\u201d) in Turkish Sign Language, proposing a novel Cross-Modal Contact Route for grammaticalization. Based on 1,024 attested existential\/possessive constructions identified within a corpus of 101,908 tokens from 58 signers, we analyze the distribution of variants along a unidirectional reduction cline (\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">var<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\u2009&gt;\u2009\/\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">va<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\u2009&gt;\u2009biting lips, bl). Generalized estimating equations and multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal a robust apparent time effect: while older signers retain the full spoken mouthing, younger signers predominantly use the biting lips\u2014a visual remnant of the initial labiodental fricative [v]\u2014indicating a change from below. Significantly, the structural autonomy of the emergent gesture is supported by 118 tokens\u2014produced exclusively by signers aged 45 or younger (16\u201345)\u2014where the bl marker attaches to non-existential hosts (e.g.,\n                    <jats:sc>group<\/jats:sc>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:sc>pocket<\/jats:sc>\n                    ) and pronominal signs, functioning as an independent clitic for existence and possession. These findings problematize the rigid theoretical distinction between mouthings and mouth gestures, demonstrating that spoken lexical items can be scavenged, eroded, and nativized into the visual grammar of a sign language, effectively expanding current models of grammaticalization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309261496903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T10:06:36Z","timestamp":1792490796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contact-Induced Grammaticalization in Turkish Sign Language: From Mouthings to Grammatical Markers"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-6665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahtiyar","family":"Makaro\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Languages and History-Geography, Ankara University, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","volume-title":"Locatives, existentials, and possessives in Turkish Sign Language (T\u0130D)","author":"Ar\u0131k E.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ar\u0131k E., Wilbur R. B. (2008, January 3\u20136). Locatives, existentials, and possessives in Turkish Sign Language (T\u0130D) [Poster presentation]. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago, IL, United States."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","volume-title":"The ubiquity of mouthings in NGT: A corpus study","author":"Bank R.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bank R. (2014). The ubiquity of mouthings in NGT: A corpus study [Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/sll.14.2.02ban"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ling-2016-0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Linguistische Beitr\u00e4ge zur Slavistik: Vol. 27","author":"Bauer A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bauer A. (2018). How words meet signs: A corpus-based study on variation of mouthing in Russian Sign Language. In Bauer A., Bun\u010di\u0107 D. 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