{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:34:21Z","timestamp":1791250461139,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Lang Speech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The phonetic problem is to describe accurately the articulatory mechanism, or mechanisms, responsible for the production of a series of sounds that are presently labelled on the chart of the International Phonetic Association as either pharyngeal or epiglottal. The sounds on which these categories are based are found in the Semitic languages, in the languages of the Caucasus, and in the languages of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. In order to reconcile a variety of descriptive terms with a logical phonetic taxonomy, auditorily distinguishable parameters are deduced from a naturally occurring variety of sounds, isolated articulatorily, and observed with a fibreoptic laryngoscope to define a cardinal set of articulatory possibilities. Auditory comparisons with database illustrations of the sounds of various languages inform the production of cardinal values in the laryngoscopic study. Voiceless pharyngeals (fricatives) are identified by aryepiglottic fold constriction and a medial aperture. Voiced pharyngeals(approximants) are identified by aryepiglottic fold constriction and a covered glottis. Trilling can occur laterally along the aryepiglottic folds in either voiceless (fricative) or voiced (approximant) mode. A pharyngeal plosive is identified by full occlusion of the aryepiglottic sphincter. \u201cEpiglottal\u201d sounds, which have been described auditorily as \"\u201cdeeper\u201d or \"\u201cmore extreme\u201d than pharyngeals, are associated with either the trilled varieties of the simple fricative or approximant, or the default raised larynx posture of the aryepiglottic sphincter, with radical retraction of the tongue. They are therefore more severely constricted, but not physiologically\"\u201cdeeper\u201dthansimple[\u0127] or [ ]. Pharyngeal articulations may also be produced with larynx lowering. Voiceless pharyngeal[\u0127] may be accompaniedby lowering of the larynx to distinguishit from a larynxraised [H] variant. Larynx height variations are also found in \"\u201ctense\/lax\u201d register distinctions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00238309990420040101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,7]],"date-time":"2009-02-07T04:47:56Z","timestamp":1233982076000},"page":"349-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The IPA Categories \u201cPharyngeal\u201d and \u201cEpiglottal\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"John H.","family":"Esling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110878769"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Al-Ani, S.H. (1978). An acoustical and physiological investigation of the Arabic \/ \/.In S. H. Al-Ani (Ed.), Readings in Arabic linguistics( pp.89-101). 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