{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:10:45Z","timestamp":1781244645293,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Because no vaccines or specific treatments are available, governments around the globe have responded to the Coronavirus Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with a variety of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that include sheltering-in-place orders, social distancing, and school and business closures. While the actual and potential harm due to COVID-19 is far more severe than influenza, the harms due to the NPIs\u2014that have clearly reduced mortality due to COVID-19\u2014are also significant. With government-ordered \u201clockdowns\u201d across the globe, many arguments for and against returning to normal social and economic activity have been reported, and in fact, Americans are divided about how and when to \u201copen up.\u201d These arguments seem to fall into two major categories. Utilitarianism suggests that suspension of civil liberties and constitutional rights is a necessary response, while Libertarianism supports individual decision-making and greatly reduced government mandates. Protesters around the country have been vocal about one or the other points of view. First, we consider in detail the potential harms of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) if left unchecked by NPIs. Second, we look at harms due to restricted social and economic activity on human morbidity and mortality. Finally, we offer a framework based on the four pillars of Catholic Social Teaching and the principle of double effect that offers a more humane solution than Utilitarian or Libertarian principles alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0024363920942431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1597035366000},"page":"407-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["COVID-19 Policy-Making in a Country Divided: Catholic Social Teaching as a Path to Unity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W.","family":"McGovern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Dermatology Consultants, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Flood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Philosophy and Religious Studies, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks, ND, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0024363920942431","unstructured":"Agrawal Nina. 2020. \u201cOpinion | With Coronavirus, We Could Be Facing a Child Abuse Pandemic.\u201d New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/07\/opinion\/coronavirus-child-abuse.html."},{"key":"bibr2-0024363920942431","unstructured":"Altstedter Ari. 2020. \u201cInfect Everyone: How Herd Immunity Could Work for Poor Countries.\u201d Bloomberg. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-21\/a-herd-immunity-strategy-could-actually-work-in-youthful-india."},{"key":"bibr3-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9"},{"key":"bibr4-0024363920942431","unstructured":"Axelrod Tal. 2020. \u201cProtesters in at Least 10 States Demand End to Coronavirus Lockdown.\u201d The Hill. https:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/state-watch\/495743-protesters-in-at-least-10-states-demand-end-to-coronavirus-lockdown."},{"key":"bibr5-0024363920942431","author":"Bendavid Eran","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"bibr6-0024363920942431","unstructured":"Bien Kristin. 2020. \u201cUnintended Consequences of Social Distancing Impacting Mental Health.\u201d WSBT News. https:\/\/wsbt.com\/news\/local\/unintended-consequences-of-social-distancing-impacting-mental-health."},{"key":"bibr7-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-480"},{"key":"bibr8-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3543987"},{"key":"bibr9-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00941-20"},{"key":"bibr10-0024363920942431","unstructured":"Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2020. \u201cNews Release: Unemployment Insurance Weekly Claims.\u201d https:\/\/blog.dol.gov."},{"key":"bibr11-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.022"},{"key":"bibr51-0024363920942431","volume-title":"Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 3 - Section 3","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"bibr12-0024363920942431","volume-title":"Disease Burden of Influenza","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"bibr13-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1"},{"key":"bibr14-0024363920942431","unstructured":"Collins Ben. 2020. \u201cCoronavirus Conspiracy Theories Are Frustrating ER Doctors.\u201d NBC News. https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/tech\/tech-news\/what-are-we-doing-doctors-are-fed-conspiracies-ravaging-ers-n1201446#anchor-QuittingFacebook."},{"key":"bibr16-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00608"},{"key":"bibr17-0024363920942431","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31097-7"},{"key":"bibr18-0024363920942431","unstructured":"\u201cCOVID-19 Pulse: Delivering Regular Insights on the Pandemic from a 150,000+ Person Connected Cohort.\u201d 2020. 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