{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:04:43Z","timestamp":1777896283788,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Conscientious objection (CO) in medicine grew out of the need to protect healthcare providers who objected to performing abortions after the Roe v. Wade decision in the 1970s which has since over time expanded to include sterilization, contraception, in vitro fertilization, stem cell research, and end-of-life issues. Since 2006, there has been a growing amount of published literature arguing for the denial of CO. Over the last three years, there has also been an increase in calling this conscientious refusal. This article will argue that the term conscientious objection is more accurate than conscientious refusal because those who object are not refusing to provide care. CO also emphasizes that there are reasoned arguments behind one\u2019s decision not to perform certain actions because of one\u2019s own principles and values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>How something is presented matters. Objection emphasizes the thought behind the action while refusal gives the impression that medical care is not given.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639211008271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T07:09:08Z","timestamp":1618816148000},"page":"242-246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Conscientious Objection, Not Refusal: The Power of a Word"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5129-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Jones-Nosacek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Author, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00243639211008271","first-page":"1203","volume":"110","author":"ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"bibr3-00243639211008271","unstructured":"AMA (American Medical Association). 2020. \u201cAMA Code of Medical Ethics.\u201d https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/topics\/ama-code-medical-ethics."},{"key":"bibr4-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Army Public Affairs. 2020. \u201cConscientious Objectors.\u201d U.S. Army. https:\/\/www.army.mil\/article\/4267\/conscientious_objectors."},{"key":"bibr5-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055756"},{"key":"bibr6-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Avery Daniel. 2019. \u201cCourt Rules Transgender Man Can Sue the Hospital that Canceled His Hysterectomy.\u201d Newsweek. https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/transgender-man-sue-hospital-evan-minton-1460664."},{"key":"bibr7-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-018-9474-8"},{"key":"bibr8-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530100066036"},{"key":"bibr9-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/10.1.63"},{"key":"bibr11-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Eberl Jason T., Ostertag Christopher. 2020. \u201cConscientious Refusals in Health Care.\u201d Health Care Ethics USA. https:\/\/www.chausa.org\/publications\/health-care-ethics-usa\/article\/winter-spring-2020\/conscientious-refusals-in-health-care."},{"key":"bibr12-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.woman.2014.03.001"},{"key":"bibr13-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.07.023"},{"key":"bibr14-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Gallup. 2020. \u201c\u2018Pro-choice\u2019 or \u2018Pro-life\u2019 2018-2019 Demographic Tables.\u201d Gallup. https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/244709\/pro-choice-pro-life-2018-demographic-tables.aspx."},{"key":"bibr15-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181b18dc5"},{"key":"bibr16-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Legal Dictionary. 2020. https:\/\/legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com."},{"key":"bibr17-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Matheson John. 2009. \u201cConscientious Objection to Military Service.\u201d https:\/\/www.mtsu.edu\/first-amendment\/article\/912\/conscientious-objection-to-military-service."},{"key":"bibr18-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster. 2020. www.merriam-webster.com."},{"key":"bibr19-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Negley Erin. 2017. \u201cVietnam War Saw More Conscientious Objectors than Any Other Military Conflict; What\u2019s that Mean?\u201d LancasterOnline. https:\/\/lancasteronline.com\/features\/vietnam-war-saw-more-conscientious-objectors-than-any-other-military-conflict-whats-that-mean\/article."},{"key":"bibr20-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Online Etymology Dictionary. 2021. https:\/\/www.etymonline.com."},{"key":"bibr21-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Pam N. 2015. \u201cPrimacy Effect.\u201d Psychology Dictionary. https:\/\/psychologydictionary.org\/primacy-effect\/."},{"key":"bibr22-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Saad Lydia. 2013. \u201cU.S. Support for Euthanasia Hinges on How It\u2019s Described.\u201d https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/162815\/support-euthanasia-hinges-described.aspx."},{"key":"bibr23-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Salazar Airana Monique, Starr Kelsey Jo. 2018. \u201cIn the U.S. and Europe, Women Are about as Likely as Men to Favor Legal Abortion.\u201d Pew Research. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2018\/12\/14\/in-the-u-s-and-europe-women-are-about-as-likely-as-men-to-favor-legal-abortion\/."},{"key":"bibr24-00243639211008271","unstructured":"Samuels Jenny. 2021. \u201cReligious Employers Win Right to Discriminate against Transgender Employees.\u201d On Labor. https:\/\/onlabor.org\/religious-employers-win-right-to-discriminate-against-transgender-employees\/."},{"key":"bibr25-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7536.294"},{"key":"bibr26-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bioe.12288"},{"key":"bibr27-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.896"},{"key":"bibr28-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb1612472"},{"key":"bibr29-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11017-008-9072-2"},{"key":"bibr30-00243639211008271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052961"},{"key":"bibr31-00243639211008271","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Social Services. 2018. \u201cConscience Protections for Healthcare Providers.\u201d https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/conscience\/conscience-protections\/index.html."}],"container-title":["The Linacre Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00243639211008271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00243639211008271","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00243639211008271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:18:17Z","timestamp":1777623497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00243639211008271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00243639211008271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00243639211008271","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3639","2050-8549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3639","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-8549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}