{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:56:21Z","timestamp":1790812581501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In a society in which the decoupling of sexuality and human reproduction has become normal, In vitro fertilization (IVF) has mutated into a kind of standard procedure. There is little awareness of the ethical ruptures that the mechanization of human reproduction causes. The basic ethical problem with extracorporeal fertilization in a test tube is that a child is not conceived through the personal union of a man and a woman, but is \u201cproduced\u201d in a laboratory. In the context of human creation, this entails a series of ethical problems. The technique does not merely offer another possible option for action, but it leads to a fundamental change in the attitude towards human life as such. A look at the history of assisted reproductive technology (ART) since the 1970s reveals that ethical problems, eugenic visions as well as medical experiments on humans have been inherent to the method from the very beginning. Considering that eugenic thinking has been a driving force from the very beginning it astonishes that this delicate point has hardly been recognized and highlighted so far. Robert Edwards' (1925\u20132013) vision went far beyond the mere treatment of infertility through the use of IVF, which he saw as enabling the selection of so-called \u201cunhealthy life.\u201d The article considers the risks of IVF and includes recent studies by physicians involved in reproductive medicine who are increasingly critical of their industry. Furthermore it emphasizes the core ethical question on human reproductive technology, contrasting the \u201cethics of procreation\u201d with the \u201cethics of production.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The article highlights historical aspects, considers the risks as well as the ethical questions on assisted reproductive technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639221116160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T09:47:35Z","timestamp":1666086455000},"page":"420-434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Made, Not Begotten: IVF and the Right to Life Under Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6479-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Kummer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMABE, Institut f\u00fcr Medizinische Anthropologie und Bioethik, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00243639221116160","author":"Altmann Judith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"bibr2-00243639221116160","volume-title":"Single men will get the right to start a family under new definition of infertility","author":"Bodkin Henry","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr3-00243639221116160","first-page":"108","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Clinical Benefit and Safety of Current and Future Assisted Reproductive technology.\u201d Reproductive BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"bibr4-00243639221116160","volume-title":"IVF \u201agravy train\u2018 giving couples false hope says senior medic Prof Robert Winston","author":"Connor Liz","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr5-00243639221116160","volume-title":"Pr\u00e4implantationsdiagnostik. 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