{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:07:22Z","timestamp":1777896442201,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The first heart transplantation, performed by Christiaan Barnard in 1967, was one of the most important medical events of the twentieth century. The real significance of the operation, beyond the surgical feat, was setting a precedent for the reinterpretation of death and introduction of the controversial concept of \u201cbrain death.\u201d Contemporary public acceptance of this concept was supported by the general belief that, according to the newly created criteria, Denise Darvall, the first heart donor had been brain-dead, and her heart was procured when cardiac arrest occurred after stopping mechanical ventilation. However, there are doubts whether Denise was really brain-dead. Moreover, Barnard's brother, Marius confessed that Denise's heart was stopped with potassium injection, although he later retracted this claim. To clarify these issues, data related to the first heart transplant were collected. Taken together, the data suggest that the first heart donor, whose case set a precedent for organ removal from \u201cbrain-dead\u201d patients, was not in fact \u201cbrain-dead\u201d in today's term, and, moreover, her heart may have been arrested artificially, similarly to a non-voluntary active euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Non-technical summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to a widely held view, Denise Darvall, the donor of the world's first heart transplant, was a brain-dead victim of a car accident, and her organs were explanted when cardiac arrest occurred. However, there are serious doubts both about her brain death and spontaneous cardiac arrest. This research revealed that Denise, whose case set a precedent for organ removal from brain-dead patients, was almost certainly not brain-dead and her heart was arrested with potassium injection. These results suggest that Denise Darvall's death was similar to a non-voluntary active euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Short summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data related to the first heart transplant suggest that the donor was not brain-dead and her heart was arrested artificially, similarly to a non-voluntary active euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639251380922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T16:02:24Z","timestamp":1763654544000},"page":"86-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How Did Denise Darvall Die? A Contribution to the History of the First Heart Transplant"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6871-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"S\u00fctt\u0151","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmelweis University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","article-title":"Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon for First Heart Transplant, Dies","author":"Altman L. K.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Altman L. K. 2001. \u201cChristiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon for First Heart Transplant, Dies.\u201d The New York Times, September 3. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/09\/03\/world\/christiaan-barnard-78-surgeon-for-first-heart-transplant-dies.html.","journal-title":"The New York Times, September 3"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"1271","article-title":"The Operation. 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