{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:48:19Z","timestamp":1782517699027,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reports in the medical literature indicate that there are patients who have initiated medical abortions by taking mifepristone but not misoprostol and have attempted to continue their pregnancies by taking exogenous progesterone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to evaluate the effectiveness and adverse events of exogenous progesterone taken after mifepristone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients who contacted a nonprofit hotline from October 13, 2021 to January 5, 2024. The primary outcome was the rate of continuing pregnancy two weeks after progesterone initiation; secondary outcomes included demographics, progesterone dose and route of administration, and adverse events. A small subset was evaluated for a secondary outcome of gestational age at delivery. Data from a small subset were evaluated for preterm birth and birth defects. Adverse events at two weeks were analyzed. Patients were included if they wanted to attempt to continue their pregnancies after taking mifepristone for medical abortion. Exclusion criteria included never starting progesterone therapy, initiating progesterone more than 72\u2005h after ingesting mifepristone, gestational age at the time of mifepristone ingestion greater than 11 weeks 6 days or undocumented, and surgical or additional medical termination of pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 1,466 patients screened, 765 met the inclusion criterion and did not meet exclusion criteria; 418 (55%) had confirmed continuing pregnancies two weeks postinitiation of progesterone therapy. Earlier gestational age at mifepristone use was associated with a decreased likelihood of continuing pregnancy at two weeks (39% vs. 58%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Significant bleeding was reported by 0.3% of the patients; 3% visited the emergency department; and hospitalizations occurred in 0.5% of the cases. There were no blood transfusions nor maternal mortalities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Continuing pregnancy was noted in 55%, superior to the 25% rate documented in the literature for mifepristone alone without intervention. There were a few adverse events associated with progesterone use. These retrospective data suggest the potential benefit of exogenous progesterone administration for patients seeking to continue their pregnancies after taking mifepristone but not misoprostol. Further research, including randomized controlled trials, is needed<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639261450698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:04:16Z","timestamp":1782299056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Retrospective Cohort Study Evaluating the Effectiveness and Safety of Exogenous Progesterone for the Continuation of Pregnancy After Exposure to Mifepristone"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5125-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COLFS Clinic, Escondido, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sammut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Franciscan University of Steubenville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Jiqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Javier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COLFS Clinic, Escondido, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Grauerholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COLFS Clinic, Escondido, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-3737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byron","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Charleston, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Deaths and Severe Adverse Events After the Use of Mifepristone as an Abortifacient from September 2000 to February 2019.","volume":"36","author":"Aultman Kathi A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aultman Kathi A., Cirucci Christina A., Harrison Donna J., Beran Benjamin D, Lockwood Michael D, Seiler Sigmund. 2021. \u201cDeaths and Severe Adverse Events After the Use of Mifepristone as an Abortifacient from September 2000 to February 2019.\u201d Issues in Law & Medicine 36 (1): 3\u201326.","journal-title":"Issues in Law & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38025-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"CDC. 2009. \u201cNational Birth Defects Prevention Month and Folic Acid Awareness Week.\u201d MMWR Weekly. Last Modified January 9 2009. Accessed July 27 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5753a1.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"CDC. 2024. \u201cPreterm Birth.\u201d Last Modified November 8 2024. Accessed February 6 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/maternal-infant-health\/preterm-birth\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444313031.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003620"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","article-title":"The STROBE Guidelines.","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuschieri S. 2019. \u201cThe STROBE Guidelines.\u201d Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia 13 (Suppl 1): S31\u2013S34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18.","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Use of Progestagens During Early Pregnancy.","volume":"5","author":"Dante G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dante G., Vaccaro V., Facchinetti F.. 2013. \u201cUse of Progestagens During Early Pregnancy.\u201d Facts, Views and Vision in ObGyn 5 (1): 66\u201371.","journal-title":"Facts, Views and Vision in ObGyn"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Embryo Survival After Mifepristone: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"32","author":"Davenport M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Davenport M., Delgado G., Harrison M. P., Khauv V.. 2017. \u201cEmbryo Survival After Mifepristone: A Systematic Review of the Literature.\u201d Issues in Law & Medicine 32 (1): 3\u201318.","journal-title":"Issues in Law & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"A Case Series Detailing the Successful Reversal of the Effects of Mifepristone Using Progesterone","volume":"33","author":"Delgado G.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delgado G., Condly S. J., Davenport M., Tinnakornsrisuphap T., Mack J., Khauv V., Zhou P. S.. 2018. \u201cA Case Series Detailing the Successful Reversal of the Effects of Mifepristone Using Progesterone.\u201d Issues in Law & Medicine 33 (1): 3\u201314.","journal-title":"Issues in Law & Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R252"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"DrugBank. 2005. \u201cMifepristone.\u201d Last Modified February 5 2025. Accessed February 6 2025. https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB00834."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"DrugBank. 2025. \u201cProgesterone.\u201d Last Modified February 6 2025. Accessed February 6 2025. https:\/\/go.drugbank.com\/drugs\/DB00396."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2017.1412424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"Guttmacher Institute. n.d. \u201cMonthly Abortion Provision Study US Abortion Provision Dashboard.\u201d Accessed July 15 2024. https:\/\/www.guttmacher.org\/monthly-abortion-provision-study."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(03)00077-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2019.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(89)90019-X"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Mifepristone and Misoprostol for Early Pregnancy Loss and Medication Abortion.","volume":"103","author":"Macnaughton H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macnaughton H., Nothnagle M., Early J.. 2021. \u201cMifepristone and Misoprostol for Early Pregnancy Loss and Medication Abortion.\u201d American Family Physician 103 (8): 473\u2013480.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305273282101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.02.012"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","article-title":"Medication Abortion and Abortion Pill Reversal: An Exploratory Analysis on the Influence of Others in Women's Decision-Making.","volume":"15","author":"Rafferty K. A.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rafferty K. A., Longbons T.. 2023. \u201cMedication Abortion and Abortion Pill Reversal: An Exploratory Analysis on the Influence of Others in Women's Decision-Making.\u201d Cureus 15 (12): e49973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.49973.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00522-X"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Early Ultrastructural Changes in RU-486-Exposed Decidua.","volume":"20","author":"Schindler A. M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schindler A. M., Zanon P., Obradovic D., Wyss R., Graff P., Herrmann W. 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J.. 2023. \u201cProgesterone After Mifepristone: A Pilot Prospective Single Arm Clinical Trial for Women Who Have Changed Their Mind After Commencing Medical Abortion.\u201d Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 50(2): 182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jog.15826.","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","unstructured":"US FDA. 2000. \u201cCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research Application Number: 20-687\u2014Part 2.\u201d https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2000\/20687_Mifepristone_phrmr_P2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"US FDA. n.d.-a. \u201cInformation about Mifepristone for Medical Termination of Pregnancy Through Ten Weeks Gestation.\u201d Accessed October 17 2025. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers\/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"US FDA. n.d.-b. \u201cMedication Guide\u2014Mifeprex (Mifepristone) Tablets for Oral Use.\u201d FDA. 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