{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:18Z","timestamp":1790927658219,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been argued by some theists that a sharp distinction should be made when responding to the logical problem of evil and the pastoral problem of evil. Responding to the logical problem, they say, is only for philosophers, and responding to the pastoral problem is only a job for counselors. However, some theists have recently argued that concepts from theodicy might be useful in comforting those who are suffering. Accordingly, this article will discuss how concepts from classical Christian theodicy might aid those who are ministering to people who are experiencing suffering. This article will first provide a summary of the classical theodicy found in the writings of Thomas Aquinas. After providing an overview of the major portions of classical theodicy, this article will focus on and discuss in more detail the classical response to human pain and suffering. Finally, this article will attempt to draw out several ways that classical theodicy can supplement the pastoral problem of evil. Ultimately, it will conclude that classical Christian theodicy can help with the pastoral problem of evil, and responding to suffering with faith, hope, and love can help comfort those experiencing pain and loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639261486685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:33:21Z","timestamp":1790609601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classical Theism and the Pastoral Problem of Evil"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. Kyle","family":"Keltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Plains College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004451421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195158533.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Aquinas Thomas. n.d.-a. Summa Contra Gentiles. Translated by Laurence Shapcote. Edited by the Aquinas Institute. Accessed May 14 2026. https:\/\/aquinas.cc\/la\/en\/\u223cSCG3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Aquinas Thomas. n.d.-b. Summa Theologiae. Translated by Laurence Shapcote. Edited by The Aquinas Institute. 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