{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:03:37Z","timestamp":1790949817871,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Linacre Q"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The growing literature on artificial intelligence (AI) and the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">imago Dei<\/jats:italic>\n                    has focused primarily on whether AI systems can or might share in the image of God, asking whether machines possess properties, functions, or relational capacities that qualify them as image-bearers. This article argues that this dominant framing, while theologically generative, obscures a more urgent question: What do AI systems reveal about their human creators? Drawing on the theological principle that creation reflects the character of the creator, this article develops the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">imago hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (the image of the human) as a theological hermeneutic for interpreting AI. Rather than asking whether AI bears the image of God, the framework asks what AI reveals about the moral character of the persons and institutions that create, govern, and deploy it. AI systems function not as independent moral agents but as moral mirrors, encoding and amplifying the values, priorities, and blind spots of those responsible for their design, training, and deployment. Through an analysis of three case studies\u2014racial bias in healthcare algorithms, Australia's Robodebt automated welfare system, and the correctional offender management profiling for alternative sanctions recidivism risk assessment tool\u2014the article argues that what are commonly described as \u201cAI ethics failures\u201d are more accurately understood as failures of institutional moral character made visible through algorithmic implementation. This reframing carries significant implications for both theological anthropology and AI governance. It recovers creator responsibility by relocating moral accountability from the artifact to the persons and institutions that create, govern, and deploy it.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00243639261487904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:45:10Z","timestamp":1790693110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Imago Hominis<\/i>\n                    : Artificial Intelligence as Moral Mirror and the Recovery of Creator Responsibility"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1921-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay J.","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University"},{"name":"NYU Langone Health"},{"name":"Fordham University, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Molloy University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle E. J.","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Angwin Julia Larson Jeff Mattu Surya Kirchner Lauren. 2016. \u201cMachine Bias.\u201d ProPublica May 23. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","volume-title":"Summa Theologica","author":"Aquinas Thomas.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Aquinas Thomas. 1948. Summa Theologica. Translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. New York, NY: Benziger Brothers."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Caritas in Veritate","author":"Benedict XVI.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Benedict XVI. 2009. Caritas in Veritate. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","volume-title":"The Sensate Culture: Western Civilization Between Chaos and Transformation","author":"Brown Harold O. J.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Brown Harold O. J. 1984. The Sensate Culture: Western Civilization Between Chaos and Transformation. Dallas, TX: Word Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","unstructured":"Calvin John. (1559) 1960. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Edited by McNeill John T. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles. Philadelphia PA: Westminster Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"Calvin John. (1997). Catechism of the Catholic Church. 2nd ed. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","volume-title":". Antiqua et Nova: Note on the Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence","author":"Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith and Dicastery for Culture and Education","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith and Dicastery for Culture and Education. 2025. Antiqua et Nova: Note on the Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zygo.12831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09517-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0591-2385.00430"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"589","article-title":"Imagining, Imitating, Being: A Kind of Fugue on Three Words Celebrating Human Co-Creativity.","volume":"60","author":"Hitchcock A. G.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hitchcock A. G. 2025. \u201cImagining, Imitating, Being: A Kind of Fugue on Three Words Celebrating Human Co-Creativity.\u201d Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 60 (2): 589\u2013605.","journal-title":"Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","volume-title":"Laborem Exercens","author":"John Paul II","year":"1981","unstructured":"John Paul II. 1981. Laborem Exercens. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","volume-title":"Centesimus Annus","author":"John Paul II","year":"1991","unstructured":"John Paul II. 1991. Centesimus Annus. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zygo.12598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","article-title":"Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores","volume":"67","author":"Kleinberg Jon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kleinberg Jon, Mullainathan Sendhil, Raghavan Manish. 2017. \u201cInherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores.\u201d Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs) 67: 43:1\u201343:23. 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Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Do Artifacts Have Politics?","volume":"109","author":"Winner Langdon.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Winner Langdon. 1980. \u201cDo Artifacts Have Politics?\u201d Daedalus 109 (1): 121\u201336.","journal-title":"Daedalus"}],"container-title":["The Linacre Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00243639261487904","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00243639261487904","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00243639261487904","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:46:38Z","timestamp":1790948798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00243639261487904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00243639261487904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00243639261487904","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3639","2050-8549"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3639","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-8549","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"article-number":"00243639261487904"}}