{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T20:32:10Z","timestamp":1785529930526,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A retrospective review of autopsy files at the Forensic Science South Australia, Australia, was undertaken over a 20-year period from January 2000 to December 2019 for all cases where chlorine had caused or contributed to death. Two cases were identified out of a total of 25,121 autopsies (0.008%): a 53-year-old man who committed suicide in a cellar with granulated chlorine, and a 49-year-old woman with asthma who died of acute bronchospasm due to exposure to chlorine gas while mixing swimming pool chemicals in her kitchen. Chlorine-related deaths are uncommon in domestic situations. However, the absence of biomarkers and non-specific findings at autopsy complicate the diagnosis, particularly as environmental levels are not stable. While accidents with cleaning agents or swimming pool reagents are the most common event in the literature in domestic settings (exclusive of industrial or transportation accidents), suicide may also very rarely occur. Individuals with asthma and chronic respiratory diseases are at higher risk of an adverse outcome upon exposure to chlorine gas, with inattention to proper storage conditions and handling protocols being additional risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024211002737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T02:27:01Z","timestamp":1617330421000},"page":"232-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Forensic issues arising in the assessment of chlorine-related deaths in a domestic setting"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Fronczek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Science SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0524-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger W","family":"Byard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379300900304"},{"key":"bibr2-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-014-0029-9"},{"key":"bibr3-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201001-008SM"},{"key":"bibr4-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.12.005"},{"key":"bibr5-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01723.x"},{"key":"bibr6-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.04.007"},{"key":"bibr7-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199203000-00013"},{"key":"bibr8-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31815b48b0"},{"key":"bibr9-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2010.482107"},{"key":"bibr10-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achanta S, Jordt S-E. Toxic effects of chlorine gas and potential treatments: a literature review.\n                      Toxicol Mech Methods\n                      . Epub ahead of print 1 October 2019. DOI: 10.1080\/15376516.2019.1669244.","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1669244"},{"key":"bibr11-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.12.006"},{"key":"bibr12-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200610"},{"key":"bibr13-00258024211002737","first-page":"151","volume":"11","author":"Jones R","year":"2010","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"bibr14-00258024211002737","unstructured":"Drogaris G. Community Documentation Centre on Industrial Risk: review of accidents involving chlorine. http:\/\/publications.europa.eu\/resource\/cellar\/4fbfb7a3-b82a-49cd-8ba3-06cf14fb7190.0001.02\/DOC_1 (accessed 20 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr15-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/325869"},{"key":"bibr16-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201001-006SM"},{"key":"bibr17-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.01.014"},{"key":"bibr18-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.124769a"},{"key":"bibr19-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0032"},{"key":"bibr20-00258024211002737","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1388087"}],"container-title":["Medicine, Science and the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024211002737","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258024211002737","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024211002737","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:36:05Z","timestamp":1777624565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258024211002737"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258024211002737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024211002737","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8024","2042-1818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8024","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]}}}