{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:10:50Z","timestamp":1790093450723,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deaths in custody are a matter of global concern. However, such information is often missing in developing countries. This study aimed to examine retrospectively the profile, cause and manner of deaths amongst cases of custodial deaths in Lagos State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An 11-year study (June 2008\u2013June 2019) was done of all autopsy cases of custodial deaths in the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Variables including age, sex, offence, place of death, duration in custody prior to death and cause and manner of death were extracted from the records. Results were analysed using frequencies and percentages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 9894 autopsies over the study period, 45 custodial deaths were identified. Males and females constituted 84.4% and 15.6%, respectively (M:F\u2009=\u20095.4:1). Ages ranged from 20 to 64 years, with a mean age of 37\u2009\u00b1\u200911.0 years. These deaths were most common in the third decade. Armed robbery and financial crime were the two leading reasons for arrest, while most deaths occurred within 24 hours of arrival in custody. The two leading causes of death were acute cardiac failure from hypertensive heart disease and cranio-cerebral injury from blunt-force trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deaths in custody need to be properly investigated and particular attention needs to be paid to unlawful deaths if and when they arise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024211004230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T02:27:01Z","timestamp":1617330421000},"page":"286-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Custodial deaths seen in the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Lagos, Nigeria: An 11-year autopsy study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7536-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunday S","family":"Soyemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedayo F","family":"Faduyile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodele D","family":"Sanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alban I","family":"Mgbehoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John O","family":"Obafunwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Deaths in or following custody: an examination of cases. IPCC Research Series Paper: 17","author":"Hannan M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hannan M, Hearnden I, Grace K, et\u00a0al. Deaths in or following custody: an examination of cases. IPCC Research Series Paper: 17. London: Independent Police Complaints Commission, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jcfm.2000.0370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-913-3:327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2014.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2015.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2017.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"162","article-title":"A year review of suspected deaths in custody\/detention in Calabar, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Nnoli MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nnoli MA, Ugbem T. A year review of suspected deaths in custody\/detention in Calabar, Nigeria. Med Res Chron 2016; 3: 162\u2013166.","journal-title":"Med Res Chron"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000069849.70216.4b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Police custody deaths in Mauritius","volume":"15","author":"Agnihotri AK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Agnihotri AK, Gangadin SK. Police custody deaths in Mauritius. Torture 2005; 15: 25\u201330.","journal-title":"Torture"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Lagos State House of Assembly. Lagos State Coroner\u2019s System Law www.lagosstatehouseofassembly.gov.org.ng\/download\/coroner-system-law-vol 2 (2007 accessed 20 September 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Lagos State Criminal Information System. 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