{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:31:57Z","timestamp":1791045117422,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["Number 17K09194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Number 17K09194"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["Number 21K02383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Number 21K02383"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>When death is caused by a disease, the precise cause of the death must be determined to promote health and contribute to prevention efforts. The circumstances of death should also be clarified so that measures can be taken to prevent the recurrence. Statistics regarding the cause of death must be accurate, and such statistics are shaped by the determination of the cause of death. We examined the annual cause of death rankings and the mortality rate in Japan during the 25-year period 1993\u20132017. We identified improvements that are needed to provide more precision in the cause of death statistics, with a focus on variations in the rankings, and we describe the peculiar and vulnerable aspects of the Vital Statistics system in Japan; for example, at one time the national government advised physicians to not list \u201cheart failure\u201d as the terminal stage of a condition on a death certificate, and the \u201cheart disease\u201d mortality rate thus tended to decline in that period. The ranking of \u201cheart disease\u201d as a cause of death decreased, but its mortality rate subsequently increased again. In addition, the \u201cpneumonia\u201d mortality rate has remained high over the past few years, but it abruptly decreased in 2017, when \u201caspiration pneumonia\u201d was separated as a cause from other pneumonias. The \u201csenility\u201d mortality rate has increased annually, and it is a leading cause of death. It is important that physicians understand the underlying causes of death and provide that without being influenced by the reporting customs of the times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024221102203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:35:06Z","timestamp":1652920506000},"page":"114-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Current state of cause of death determinations in Japan and the need to list the precise underlying cause of death"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0710-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Education Faculty, Medical Sciences Cluster, Health Service Center, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuntaro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyoto City Public Health Center, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsushige","family":"Fukunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute of Police Science, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01798.x"},{"key":"bibr2-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0521-OA"},{"key":"bibr3-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2011.010164"},{"key":"bibr4-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.20324"},{"key":"bibr5-00258024221102203","first-page":"w14129","volume":"145","author":"Wilhelm M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"bibr6-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.022"},{"key":"bibr7-00258024221102203","unstructured":"e-Stat. https:\/\/www.e-stat.go.jp\/stat-search\/file-download?statInfId\u2009=\u2009000022220045&fileKind\u2009=\u20092 (accessed on 4 May 2021) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr8-00258024221102203","unstructured":"e-Stat. https:\/\/www.e-stat.go.jp\/stat-search\/files?page\u2009=\u20091&layout\u2009=\u2009datalist&toukei\u2009=\u200900450011&tstat\u2009=\u2009000001028897&cycle\u2009=\u20097&year\u2009=\u200920170&month\u2009=\u20090&tclass1\u2009=\u2009000001053058&tclass2\u2009=\u2009000001053061&tclass3\u2009=\u2009000001053065&stat_infid\u2009=\u2009000031749381&result_back\u2009=\u20091. (mc110000) (accessed on 19 September 2019) (in Japanese). Currently the following https. https:\/\/www.e-stat.go.jp\/stat-search\/files?page\u2009=\u20091&layout\u2009=\u2009datalist&toukei\u2009=\u200900450011&tstat\u2009=\u2009000001028897&cycle\u2009=\u20097&year\u2009=\u200920170&month\u2009=\u20090&tclass1\u2009=\u2009000001053058&tclass2\u2009=\u2009000001053061&tclass3\u2009=\u2009000001053065&stat_infid\u2009=\u2009000032020128&result_back\u2009=\u20091&tclass4val\u2009=\u20090 (accessed on 4 October 2021) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr9-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2011.09.001"},{"key":"bibr10-00258024221102203","first-page":"431","volume":"42","author":"Fukunaga T","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"bibr11-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.13645"},{"key":"bibr12-00258024221102203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01525-w"},{"key":"bibr13-00258024221102203","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Labour and Welfare. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/shingi\/2009\/10\/dl\/s1027-11c02.pdf (accessed on 13 January 2020) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr14-00258024221102203","unstructured":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. http:\/\/www.tokyo-eiken.go.jp\/sage\/kozo\/japan\/heart_m\/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr15-00258024221102203","unstructured":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. http:\/\/www.tokyo-eiken.go.jp\/sage\/kozo\/japan\/pneumo_m\/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr16-00258024221102203","unstructured":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. http:\/\/www.tokyo-eiken.go.jp\/sage\/kozo\/japan\/pneumo_f\/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr17-00258024221102203","unstructured":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. http:\/\/www.tokyo-eiken.go.jp\/sage\/kozo\/japan\/senili_m\/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) (in Japanese)."},{"key":"bibr18-00258024221102203","unstructured":"Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health. http:\/\/www.tokyo-eiken.go.jp\/sage\/kozo\/japan\/senili_f\/ (accessed on 3 May 2021) (in Japanese)."}],"container-title":["Medicine, Science and the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024221102203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258024221102203","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024221102203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:37:21Z","timestamp":1777624641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258024221102203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258024221102203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024221102203","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8024","2042-1818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8024","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]]}}}