{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:16:08Z","timestamp":1778242568151,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med Sci Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A study was undertaken to determine what injuries are associated with the wearing of seat belts and if the presence of cutaneous seat belt markings observed on victims of lethal vehicle crashes increased the likelihood of underlying injury. Autopsy reports from the files at Forensic Science South Australia were reviewed for all fatal motor vehicle crashes from January 2014 to December 2018. A total of 173 cases were included for analysis with 127 occupants wearing seat belts at the time of impact (73.4%) (age range\u2009=\u200918\u201393; mean\u2009=\u200945 M:F\u2009=\u200981:46). Of these, only 38 had external seat belt markings (29.9%) (age range\u2009=\u200919\u201383; mean\u2009=\u200949 M:F\u2009=\u200920:18). Logistic regression modelling showed that occupants who were wearing seat belts were more likely to experience closed head injury without skull fractures in addition to mesenteric and gastrointestinal injury. Increasing body mass index increased the incidence of seat belt markings ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and markings were more likely to be found in the presence of bilateral pelvic fractures. Thus, external seat belt markings were observed in only a minority of seatbelt wearers, and more often in individuals with higher BMIs and with bilateral pelvic fractures (possibly associated with greater momentum and impact force).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024221127845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T14:17:21Z","timestamp":1664979441000},"page":"195-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Seat belt injuries and external markings at autopsy in cases of lethal vehicle crashes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9904-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siobhan","family":"O\u2019Donovan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia"},{"name":"Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Baldock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Automotive Safety Research, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Humphries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0524-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roger W","family":"Byard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia"},{"name":"Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13955"},{"key":"bibr2-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.01.035"},{"key":"bibr3-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13187"},{"key":"bibr4-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jcfm.2002.0553"},{"key":"bibr5-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-021-00429-2"},{"key":"bibr6-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200203000-00009"},{"key":"bibr7-00258024221127845","first-page":"885","volume":"63","author":"Chandler CF","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"bibr8-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(68)90451-0"},{"key":"bibr9-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.09.011"},{"key":"bibr10-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.06.057"},{"key":"bibr11-00258024221127845","volume-title":"The Abbreviated Injury Scale: 2015 Revision","author":"Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine","year":"2016","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr12-00258024221127845","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria, 2021. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"bibr13-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.659363"},{"key":"bibr14-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2017.1381337"},{"key":"bibr15-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580701737645"},{"key":"bibr16-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.08.022"},{"key":"bibr17-00258024221127845","first-page":"293","volume":"31","author":"Hoebee S","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"bibr18-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.08.041"},{"key":"bibr19-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2013.825387"},{"key":"bibr20-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313489906500218"},{"key":"bibr21-00258024221127845","first-page":"61","volume":"13","author":"Wotherspoon S","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg"},{"key":"bibr22-00258024221127845","first-page":"25","volume":"53","author":"Forman J","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"bibr23-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.315"},{"key":"bibr24-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20079"},{"key":"bibr25-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2014.900544"},{"key":"bibr26-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13588265.2013.809646"},{"key":"bibr27-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1010722"},{"key":"bibr28-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00493.x"},{"key":"bibr29-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199208000-00011"},{"key":"bibr30-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2019.1581926"},{"key":"bibr31-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182472390"},{"key":"bibr32-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3180f61c33"},{"key":"bibr33-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000064449.11809.48"},{"key":"bibr34-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-018-4872-7"},{"key":"bibr35-00258024221127845","first-page":"545","volume":"47","author":"Wang SC","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"bibr36-00258024221127845","first-page":"973","volume":"93","author":"Hartemann F","year":"1984","journal-title":"SAE transactions"},{"key":"bibr37-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1013188"},{"key":"bibr38-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(89)90633-8"},{"key":"bibr39-00258024221127845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31802beff9"},{"key":"bibr40-00258024221127845","unstructured":"Elsegood M, Doecke S, Ponte G.\n                      Collection and analysis of EDR data from crash-involved vehicles:\n                      2019\n                      \u2013\n                      20\n                      summary report\n                      . Report no. CASR170, Centre for Automotive Safety Research, Adelaide, South Australia, September 2020."}],"container-title":["Medicine, Science and the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024221127845","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00258024221127845","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00258024221127845","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:37:44Z","timestamp":1777624664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00258024221127845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00258024221127845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024221127845","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-8024","2042-1818"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-8024","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-1818","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]}}}